Статьи журнала - Вестник аграрной науки
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Harmonization of labour and material resources in dairy cattle breeding of the Orel region
Статья научная
Full independence from milk import deliveries is one of the main problems for food supply security of Russia in difficult international conditions of the country. This problem solution deserves special attention both on the federal and the regional levels. The Orel region is an agrarian sector of the country; therefore it’s very important to provide its inhabitants with dairy products on a full scale as well as to supply milk to other regions of the Russian Federation. The article demonstrates the dynamics of the dairy cattle breeding development in Russia and in the Orel region, which is characterized by reduction of cattle number at a time when animal productivity increases. Through the analysis of the use of financial and labour resources it was revealed that in conditions of market functioning agricultural producers must introduce labour- and resourse-saving technologies into milk production, modern methods of cattle management, as well as achievements of veterinary and zootechnical science, that leads in its turn to the growth of labour productivity, capital productivity ratio and in whole increase of dairy cattle breeding products production efficiency. Application of advanced technologies in cattle breeding is possible only with the engagement of highly-qualified personnel that in its turn is an important condition for realization of Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Through the conducted analysis of the use of labour and material resources in dairy cattle breeding of the Orel region it was revealed that growth of labour productivity and capital productivity ratio in the region is also connected with the increased number of veterinarians and zootechnicians who graduated from the Orel State Agrarian University and work in different agricultural organizations now.
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Статья научная
The article gives the results of the original research aimed at working out molecular-genetic methods for the identification of Bordetella bronchiseptica. The parameters for conducting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the worked out systems of primers within using monoplex and multiplex format are suggested. The optimal methodology of singling out B. bronchiseptica DNA is selected; the main parameters of the reaction are validated. The research was performed with the financial help of the government represented by the Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation within the implementation of the Federal Target Project “Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Staff of the Innovative Russia” for the years 2009-2013 (agreement № 8267 from 10.08.2012).
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Impact of haylage harvest and storage technologies on forage microbial contamination
Статья научная
To develop bacteriological regulations for harvesting and storing haylage, microbial contamination of feeds has been studied using different technologies for harvesting haylage and laying fodder in trench and concrete ring silos, and rolls. It was noted that the analyzed forage samples had no pathogenic microorganisms and Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella. There was a lack of toxicity in all analyzed silage samples. The values for the number of mesophilic aerobic and elective anaerobic bacteria, and concentrations of lactic-acid bacteria, mold and yeast fungi in samples were lower than in the feedstock. Microbial contamination values were better for haylage obtained from the plants cut 25 cm above the ground level (when compared to the plants cut to 9 cm height). Rates of contamination were lower in haylage packed into film bags than into trench silos that might give reason to recommend the given harvesting technique. Permissible contaminant levels without any negative impact on haylage quality have been identified.
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Статья научная
The article presents the analysis of the legal framework of land ownership formation. It gives a careful consideration to the realization of some legal rights of ownership in the process of land reform in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the problems of share ownership of the land.
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Статья научная
The necessity of preventive measures aimed at improvement of labor conditions in Agro Industrial Complex and its strategic branch - agriculture under the conditions of Russia membership in the WTO is proved. Innovative organizational and technical solutions providing the correspondence of working process flow environment to the sanitary hygienic standards and labor protection requirements for operators of small-capacity threshing devices and boom sprayers of barrow type are suggested on the ground of study of complex system of mechanization of selected and seed breeding process and utilized machine complex.
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Статья научная
This study deals with feeding milking cows with phytogenic nutrition supplements in order to enhance their metabolic function and milk sanitary and veterinary parameters. The suggested multicomponent phytogenic nutrition supplement contains stems and lower leaves of stevia plants (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and apple pulps. Stevioside, inulin and pectin are the most valuable elements in the supplement since their combination has a complex beneficial effect on an animal organism. With its unique chemical composition, the supplement can exert anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects on an animal organism. The nutrition supplement regulates enzyme system, contributes to fat, protein and carbon uptake, and stimulates digestive tract and endocrine system. The analysis of microbial and physiological parameters of rumen digesta of the experimental group showed a growth of protozoa and bacteria contents, greater microbial activity and larger amount of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The analysis of milk also revealed that feeding milking cows with this supplement stimulates growth of protein, lactose and dry matter contents and leads to rearrangement of protein fractions by increasing casein content and decreasing the amount of whey proteins. At the same time number of somatic cells, total bacterial count, number of inhibitory substances, acidity and density remain within normal limits. Milk sensory analysis also revealed no differences in consistency, color, taste and smell of milk produced by milking cows of experimental and control groups. Therefore, the suggested phytogenic nutrition supplement can bring milk veterinary, sanitary and sensory parameters in line with GOST and enhance overall milk quality. The supplement is easy to produce, has a good storage quality and pleasant flavor making it more appetizing for cattle and economically attractive for farmers.
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Статья научная
This study deals with feeding milking cows with phytogenic nutrition supplements in order to enhance their metabolic function and milk sanitary and veterinary parameters. The suggested multicomponent phytogenic nutrition supplement contains stems and lower leaves of stevia plants (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and apple pulps. Stevioside, inulin and pectin are the most valuable elements in the supplement since their combination has a complex beneficial effect on an animal organism. With its unique chemical composition, the supplement can exert anti-inflammatory, diuretic, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects on an animal organism. The nutrition supplement regulates enzyme system, contributes to fat, protein and carbon uptake, and stimulates digestive tract and endocrine system. The analysis of microbial and physiological parameters of rumen digesta of the experimental group showed a growth of protozoa and bacteria contents, greater microbial activity and larger amount of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The analysis of milk also revealed that feeding milking cows with this supplement stimulates growth of protein, lactose and dry matter contents and leads to rearrangement of protein fractions by increasing casein content and decreasing the amount of whey proteins. At the same time number of somatic cells, total bacterial count, number of inhibitory substances, acidity and density remain within normal limits. Milk sensory analysis also revealed no differences in consistency, color, taste and smell of milk produced by milking cows of experimental and control groups. Therefore, the suggested phytogenic nutrition supplement can bring milk veterinary, sanitary and sensory parameters in line with GOST and enhance overall milk quality. The supplement is easy to produce, has a good storage quality and pleasant flavor making it more appetizing for cattle and economically attractive for farmers.
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to the problems of inbreeding depression minimization in a herd of Simmental cattle. The author analyses the data received during the experimental research of the evaluation of the intensity of Simmental calves growth using different degrees of inbreeding, including in-and-inbreeding, bottom crossing, top-cross inbreeding, in-breed-line-crossing. The results of the experiment showed that at bottom crossing, top-cross inbreeding, in-breed-line-crossing the influence of genetic factors on live weight from birth to 6 months in bulls increases to 73.7-75.8, also in 7, 8, 9 and 10 months heifers with Fx=25.0% left behind heifers with Fx= 0.781% and 24.8, 31.0, 41.7 and 43.2 kg, respectively (p
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Increase of efficiency of symbiotic systems in agrocenoses of north ecotype soya varieties
Статья научная
The investigations on studying the ACC-utilizing bacteria influence on the efficiency of symbiotic systems of different soya varieties are carried out. The stimulatory effect of introduced microorganisms on the formation of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of plants and local populations of nodule bacteria is proved. Thereby the yield capacity increment reached 2,4…6,3 dt/ha. Thereat the efficiency of the used biopreparations mainly depends on the variety.
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Статья научная
The research results in long-term field experiment on the effect of fertilizer systems in various technologies of cultivation of lupine and siradella-oat mixture on forage quality are presented. It has been established that the organic fertilizer system of intensive technology thereafter had a positive impact on the accumulation of crude protein and fat in green mass of lupine. The biological technology contributed to the lower accumulation of crude protein, fat, ash and fiber with the exception of sugar which content was higher in relation to the intensive technology. The alternative technology fell back the intensive and biological technologies in the influence on the content of crude protein, ash and sugar in green mass of lupine and as for fiber, it took the intermediate position. The qualitative indicators of green mass of lupine and siradella-oat mixture cultivated under the intensive technology were higher under the biological and alternative ones.
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Статья научная
Influence of various methods of soil treatment and biological techniques for restoring soil fertility on the fertility of typical chernozem and yield of winter wheat in the conditions of forest-steppe the Central Black Earth region has been studied. Research was conducted in the repeated stationary experiment of the Agriculture Department of Voronezh State Agrarian University n.a. Emperor Peter the Great. Object of research - typical chernozem and cultures of a crop rotation. This article discusses the following indicators: soil hardness, which was defined by using the Revyakin's hardness tester up to 25 cm in three terms - sowing, earing, harvesting; aggregate composition of soil by Tyulin-Savvin's method before sowing and harvesting; yield of winter wheat at various soil treatment methods. Studies have shown the advantage of green-manure fallow with sweet clover and binary sowing of winter wheat with blue alfalfa. During the years of researches, hardness of the soil was less (within the optimum) at variants using biological techniques; the number of structural aggregates in the binary sowings was greater by 25 - 38% compared with the control. The use of various methods of soil treatment and biological techniques for restoring soil fertility allowed to harvest from 35.8 to 54.9 t/ha of winter wheat in 2011 - 2013. Thus, sowing winter wheat at green-manure fallow with sweet-clover and alfalfa contributed to sustain and improve the fertility of typical chernozem and creating conditions for obtaining high grain yield.
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Статья научная
The purpose of the work was to study the influence of the sporiferous probiotics «Subtilis» and «Provagen» on the productive qualities, viability, haematological parameters of cross «Ross-308» broiler chickens. The research was conducted according to the standard techniques. The feeding value of the complete feeds met the regulations of the All-Russian research institute of technology of poultry farming and recommendations for this cross. The Feeds were given to appetite. Probiotics were added to the complete feed at the enterprise by manual mixing just before feeding the birds. The main housing conditions of chickens (microclimate parameters, light regime, chicken density, feeding and drinking space) were identical for all groups and corresponded to «The Ross-308 broilers raising guide» (2009) and to the recommendations of the All-Russian research institute of technology of poultry farming (2008). As a result it was found that using of probiotics «Subtilis» and «Provagen» in broiler chickens feeding had positive impact on their growing capacity. Introduction of the test probiotics into the complete feeds of broiler chickens promoted improvement of zootechnical indicators of their rearing (increase in live weight, average daily gain, chick livability and reduction of feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain). Using of probiotics had positive impact on the metabolic status and the general body resistance of birds, that was evident by the increase in quantity of erythrocytes in blood of chickens of the experimental groups, hemoglobin, total protein, albumines and globulins, increase of the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum. The best results were obtained in the 3rd group. In this group probiotic «Provagen» was added to the complete feeds for broilers in a dose of 0,015 g/bird. (1х10 9CFC/bird) per day (0,2 kg/t) during the first 7 days of rearing.
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Статья научная
The article presents the research results of group of enterprises engaged in dairy cattle breeding according to breeding status, to the number of dairy cattle live stock, to cattle breeds, to management system and dairy cattle productivity. There is productivity comparison of daughters of the stud bulls with mothers, herd mates and mean herd productivity; also the selection is simulated. The dependence of correlations between selection-genetic characteristics from culling intensity is determined. The research is done in the enterprises engaged in dairy cattle breeding in the Orel region.
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Influence of the antioxidant Bio-20 on the milk producing ability and quality indicators of milk
Статья научная
The article presents the results of application of the antioxidant BIO-20 for the purpose of improvement of the milk producing ability and quality of milk. This preparation helps to minimize negative consequences of stresses. Unfortunately, the major part of the researches is carried out in medicine, and only a small part of the scientific achievements of biologists is used in animal husbandry.
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Статья научная
The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of the season of birth of first-calf heifers of Holstein and Black-and-White breeds on milk productivity and economic efficiency of milk production in the Orel region. The highest milk productivity was demonstrated by Holstein heifers born in the autumn period (from September to November). In terms of the amount of milk fat and milk protein produced in 305 days of lactation, Holstein heifers of autumn exceeded their peers of spring and winter, respectively, by 6.1% (P≤0.01) and 6.6% (P≤0.001) and by 5.4 (P≤0.01) and 5.8% (P≤0.01). First-calf heifers of the black-and-white breed in the autumn months showed a positive trend in terms of milk yield in 305 days of lactation over first-calf heifers of the spring and winter months of birth - by 3.4% and 5.3%. In terms of the amount of milk fat produced in 305 days of lactation, first-calf heifers of the black-and-white breed of autumn exceeded first-calf heifers of the other seasons of birth, respectively: spring - by 6.3% (P≤0.05), summer - by 7.6% (P≤0.05) and winter - by 6.3% (P≤0.05). In terms of the amount of milk protein, first-calf heifers of the autumn birth season had a significant advantage only relating to first-calf heifers of the summer months of birth - by 7.2% (P≤0.05). The calculation showed higher economic efficiency of milk production for 305 days of lactation by first-calf heifers of the Holstein breed born in the autumn months in comparison with first-calf heifers born in the spring - by 14.5 thousand rubles, first-calf heifers born in the summer months - by 2.2 thousand rubles and first-calf heifers born in the winter - by 13.4 thousand rubles. First-calf heifers of the black-and-white breed, born in the autumn months, surpassed the baseline fat content of the first-calf heifers of the spring season of birth by 12.4 thousand rubles in value, the first-calf heifers of the summer season of birth by 14.9 thousand rubles, and the first-calf heifers of the winter season of birth by 13.0 thousand rubles.
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Статья научная
The article analyzes the problematic issues of modern infrastructure of the grain market. The base of grain elevators in Kursk region has been analyzed and the estimation results of the appropriateness of the construction of new line elevators are presented. The problems of the logistic maintenance of export operations in the grain market are examined, alternative interaction on rail transport - shipper routes has been proposed. The directions of improving the implementation of export operations in the part of the interlinkages export balances and domestic consumption next year have been substantiated by quotas on the importation of meat products and the volume of carry-over stocks on the basis of the concept of food security of the country. Measures to enhance the level of the processing organization of export operations are proposed. Modern problems and prospects of development of the exchange unit have been discussed. The necessity of improving the species diversity of exported grain has been substantiated. Promising lines of development of the infrastructure of export-oriented grain market have been discussed.
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Innovative method of tillage tool hardening
Статья научная
The article describes the method of hardening of tillage tools operating in the conditions of abrasive wear that provides to increase their resource considerably. The method consists in short-circuited arc surfacing of nanometal ceramic composite powder materials with simultaneous thermodiffusion hardening. Equipment, methods and research results of hardness, microstructure and wear resistance of the hardened working surfaces are presented. On their ground the optimal composition and concentration of material components, providing the best physical and mechanical properties and resource of the hardened tillage tools are defined.
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Статья научная
The relevance of the research is due to the state of the Russian and world economy in the conditions of "VUCA" (abbreviation from the English words: volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity). The article discusses theoretical and applied aspects of the state agrarian policy, institutional and economic conditions for the development of the agro-industrial complex and import substitution policy. The issues of sustainable agricultural production and food security are becoming increasingly important due to the population growth, reduction of arable land, water shortages, natural disasters and introduction of sanctions policies. Ensuring food security through innovation in agriculture, digitalization and the implementation of an import substitution policy is becoming a goal of improving the institutional and economic conditions for the functioning of the agro-industrial complex and the economy as a whole. Modern concepts of state regulation, agrarian policy, import substitution policy and the policy of scientific and technological development of agriculture allow us to consider them together and mutually influence as a direction of the national strategy of economic development. As a result of the research of the system of institutional and economic conditions, actions, regulatory measures and mechanisms, the improvement of the state agrarian policy will ensure the sustainable economic development of the national economy and food security. The basic areas for ensuring food security in the context of sanctions are the policy of import substitution, digitalization of agriculture, investment in innovative crop and livestock technologies, modernization of the production of capital goods and processing industries. The following aspects of the research seem promising - the development of methodological approaches for monitoring, evaluating, forecasting effectiveness of implementation and proposals for stimulating state, sectoral and regional programs, taking into account the needs of interaction between the state, science and agribusiness and spatial heterogeneity.
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Investigation of ultrasound waves on pretreatment of osmotic dehydration of carrot slices
Статья научная
In this study, carrot slices were put in glucose osmotic 50% at 1, 2 and 3 hr. Ultrasound waves, frequency 40 kH power 30 w/l, passed through container of osmotic solution and carrot slices. The results revealed that significant increasing of dry matter of sample by using ultrasound waves.pre osmotic time had a significant on dry material by increasing from 1to 3 hr.sample treated by ultrasound waves lost water faster and their final dry solid was significantly more than control (without ultrasound treatment).
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Статья научная
The article presents the description of innovative method of hardening of tillage tools, operated in abrasive medium that allows increasing their operating life considerably. It is performed by carbo-vibro-arc surfacing of working bodies using composite metal ceramic pastes with simultaneous thermodiffusion hardening of basic metal of the working body. With application of computerized microhardness tester CMT-1 according to Vickers method the working bodies hardening being hardened by pastes containing aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, boron carbide, ammonium nitrate is defined. Analysis of the data obtained proved that with the increase of percentage content of ceramic components in paste from 10% to 30% microhardness of the surfaced coating also increases regardless the used ceramic component. At the same time the maximum average value of microhardness of the surfaced coating (75 HRC) were showed by the working bodies being surfaced with the paste containing 30% of boron carbide В 4С. Pastes containing 30% of aluminum oxide Al 2O 3 and silicone dioxide SiO 2, were characterized by lower values of coatings microhardness - 69 HRC and 67 HRC correspondingly. With application of pastes containing ammonium nitrate NH 4NO 3, the obtained coatings have the minimum hardness 62 HRC. The optimal content and concentration of paste components that provide increase of wear resistance of the hardened working bodies on the average by 1,8…2,0 times are determined according to the results the carried out tests.
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