Social development. Рубрика в журнале - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Estimates of the middle class scale in the region
Статья научная
The objective to form the middle class is an acute problem in the period of social and economic modernization in Russia. Rapid growth of the middle class in the structure of society can speed up the solution of many social problems due to the high responsibility and civic awareness of its representatives. Therefore, research of the middle class scale is a priority in the studying of the social stratification of the population. In this paper the research of the middle class was based on the empirical estimates of the sociological survey of the population in the Vologda oblast which was conducted in 2010. During the work we gave a concept of “the middle class”, we represented a number of approaches which were notable for a set of criteria to estimate the middle class size. We determined an optimum set of criteria and estimated the middle class scale in the region in accordance with them and gave the social characteristics of its representatives.
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Evaluation of efficiency of the public demographic initiatives
Статья научная
The article reveals how the demographic processes in Russia are influenced by federal and regional demographic policy measures of 2006-2011 and by the national project “Health” and health care modernization programmes for 2011-2012. The author dwells upon the modern trends in the birth rate of Russia’s population, upon the changes in its structure by the age and marital status of mother. The article evaluates which actual generations have received the maximum reproductive benefit from pronatalist demographic policies, and what are the prospects concerning fertility. The article considers the dynamics of life expectancy of Russia’s population and the changes in the structure of mortality by causes.
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Expansion of subcultural movements as a result of social disunity among the young population
Статья научная
This article deals with the problem concerning the estrangement of Russian and Ukrainian society from the fundamental institutions of socialization. The acute issue of subcultural movements among the post-Soviet youth population is discussed as one of the negative consequences of this process. The article presents the main reasons for the spread of informal youth associations, as well as the mechanisms of subcultural attitudes’ influence on the younger generation. The basic directions of preventing the negative impact of subcultures are determined.
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Статья научная
The goal of the paper is to assess the possible impact of international labor immigration on the prevalence of the following diseases which are dangerous to others: HIV, active tuberculosis, syphilis, drug addiction, enterobiosis, pediculosis, acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and C in Russia’s regions. We analyze the works on the impact of migration on the health of the population of the host territory. The main research methods that we use include econometric and correlation analysis. We construct panel models for each of the diseases. The models test various socio-economic indicators (including education level, cash income, housing improvement and the incidence of alcoholism), as well as climatic, geographical and demographic indicators. In order to calculate the indicators characterizing the level of labor immigration in the regions we use Rosstat data on the legal employment of foreign citizens in the regions of the Russian Federation and on the number of foreign citizens who arrived in Russia...
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Forecasting the effects of raising the retirement age on Russia's demographic structure
Статья научная
The paper assesses the possibility of raising the retirement age to mitigate the effects of ageing on the pension system of Russia. The authors make demographic forecasts based on hypotheses about the presence of global demographic trends in population reproduction and manifestations of development features specific for Russia. The demographic forecast is based on the age shifting method according to three scenarios. The forecast takes into account the provisions of a draft law that has already been approved and that provides for a gradual increase in age limit for civil servants, both men and women, to 65 years (by six months each year). The following assumption is made for the purpose of studying the effects of raising the retirement age to 65 years for all categories of Russian citizens. The increase in the retirement age begins in 2016 at the rate of 6 months per year, and it will end for men in 2026 and for women - in 2036. Thus, by 2036, the official retirement age will be 65 years for both sexes...
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Formation of inequality of Russia's population
Статья научная
The article consistently reveals the process of formation of population’s socio-economic inequa- lity since the Soviet period up to the present. The author identifies and analyzes the factors that played the most important role in this connection, such as price liberalization, hyperinflation, privatization, the depreciation of savings, increase in wages differentiation, unemployment, the change of population’s income structure, development of shadow economy.
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Formation of scientific and educational values in the system of youth motivation
Статья научная
The system of values is the “foundation” of the attitude toward the world. In the modern information society, the motivational and target component of work with the younger generation should lead to the formation of an “integrative profile” of an individual who possesses professional competencies of a high level that are in demand in research and educational spheres, as well as in project activities. Motivation is largely determined not only by internal characteristics of an individual, but also by the ways in which activity is carried out; this activity in the process of its implementation should be targeted, directional, predictable and analytical, with monitoring, evaluation of efficiency and adjustment of its implementation, i.e. it should be conscious activity. Our goal is to identify new mechanisms of state stimulation of topical and priority areas of youth policy in the field of university science and identify possible routes for the development of values. We adhere to the basic idea of the need to take into account value orientations in the development of state youth policy. Desk research and sociological research were used as the main methods of the work. The desk study was conducted by analyzing the main directions of the state policy in the field of science and technology, normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, state programs and projects, and publications of international organizations. The study collected data on existing forms and measures of incentives and support for student youth. In order to test theoretical approaches to motivation and identification of the main factors contributing to youth participation in research activities, a sociological study was conducted among university students.
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Functions of small business in the development of the middle class in Russia
Статья научная
As international experience shows, small business performs a significant function in the development of middle class. It is therefore necessary to characterize the state of small business in today’s socio-economic system of Russia, to identify the characteristics of small businesses representatives that identify it with the middle class, to determine the function of small businesses in the development of the middle class, to develop measures to support small businesses. The paper uses the methods of content, structural, functional and stratification analysis, presents the results of expert surveys and sociological studies conducted by domestic scientists and also by the author.
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Статья научная
The article analyzes the youth's problems affecting their life and social well-being (social stratification of society; the position and behavior of youth in the labor market; changes in the youth's value orientations and models of socio-cultural behavior). The article describes the social status of the youth population in Russia, their integration into the labor market and the emotional component of political socialization. The authors analyze the age groups assigned to generation Y in accordance with the gradation of V. Strauss and N. Hau. The young people's material standard of living, education and place of residence are the indicators that differentiate the Russian youth, creating a kind of stratification youth pyramid. Currently, the place of young people in the labor market is decreasing, while the share of the employed aged 55-72 is growing, which negatively affects the innovative development of the economy. Services have become the dominant industry for youth employment. The socialization of modern youth is contradictory, which is due to deep social differentiation, unstable position in the labor market, the impact of global information processes, the opposition of a tolerant attitude to otherness and independence and intransigence to other points of view and behaviors that differ from traditional ideas and values within the society. The political socialization of young people is characterized by a low level of interest in politics, a more critical attitude to the democratic status of the country when the respondents grow up with an increased positive emotional component in relation to the Motherland. When comparing some of the characteristics of these generations in the Russian Federation with the characteristics of the youth in European countries at different levels of development, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain, Germany, and Sweden, their uniqueness is revealed, due to the severity of many problems of economic and democratic development in Russia. The data from Rosstat, the author's empirical research, and the European social research (ESS) were used in the study.
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Health and living conditions of the rising generation
Статья научная
The article presents the research results of the rising generation’s quantitative and qualitative characteristics in Russia and in the Vologda Oblast. The main trends characterizing children’s health, their living conditions and lifestyle in their families are revealed in the article. Today the primary task of social policy in terms of child population increase is to provide the rise of their qualitative potential and living standards.
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Health care modernization assessed by population and health workers
Статья научная
At present, the reduction in the quantity and quality of human resources poses a serious threat to society. In order to improve the quality and availability of health services and promote public health, the Healthcare Modernization Programme is being implemented. The paper highlights the main problems of the healthcare system and contains the assessments of the modernization programme by the Vologda Oblast population and healthcare workers.
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Статья научная
Improving population’s quality of life is a key goal of the state. In this regard, it is very important to correctly measure its level and, accordingly, classify the country’s regions by quality of life indicators. Most research in this area involves dividing variables into groups, unifying variables in each group and building an integral indicator, grouping or clustering objects as a linear convolution of variables with weights. Such approaches have their drawbacks due to the subjectivity of expert estimates, instability of the coefficients of the main component, inability to work with ordinal data, etc. Thus, the purpose of this study is to build a methodology for classifying the regions of the Russian Federation by quality of life indicators devoid of the above disadvantages. The proposed method is based on the concept of Pareto optimality well-known in Economics according to which all the regions are divided into disjoint classes. After dividing variables into groups we recommend using Pareto class as a representative of the category instead of the traditional unification and construction of intra-group convolutions, which is obtained after the intra-group Pareto classification, and building the final Pareto classification of the regions of the Russian Federation on the basis of the obtained intra-group Pareto classes. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it can be applied on the ordinal data, that is, when some variables are characterized only by their order and there are no exact values for each region. In addition, the algorithm is undemanding for computing power and does not use expert estimates, except for the selection of research variables. The main results of the study are the construction of a classification of the Russian Federation regions by quality of life indicators, comparison with traditional approaches and analysis of the features of the proposed methodology.
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Home construction activity in the region: problems and their solving ways
Статья научная
In this article on the basis of the questionnaire data of the population and the building organizations’ heads the basic problems interfering the house-building development in the region are presented, the key directions of the house-building volumes’ increase are revealed, and the mechanisms for their realization are offered.
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Статья научная
The present article is a continuation of the previously published paper [6] and it reviews the methodology, conceptual approaches to sociological analysis, modelling, monitoring and management of human and social potential of neo-industrial development of the Russian Arctic. The successful implementation of this task and the preparation and adoption of efficient management decisions require reliable analytical and diagnostic information about the social situation in this macro-region and opportunities for supplying the planned investment projects with human resources. The aim of the study is to create a sociological ground that will help obtain necessary sociological information in the preparation and adoption of administrative decisions of government agencies in the monitoring mode and regulate social processes in the Arctic region more efficiently. With the help of the methodology of socio-spatial and socio-territorial identification and with the use of social simulation we carry out our own analysis of the current status and trends of human potential (quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human resources, their health and level of professional training) and social potential (social ties, trust, involvement in the regional community)...
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Human capital as an indicator of sustainable development of the territory
Статья научная
Human capital is a component of national wealth, therefore, in the formation of regional policy its development should be considered as a factor of enhancing the sustainability of the territory. The analysis conducted by the authors shows that the trends of human capital development lead to a decrease in the stability of the region, as evidenced by the aging population, declining the quality of labor potential, and, above all, its intellectual characteristics and health capital.
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Human potential formation of children in the system of general education
Статья научная
Improving the quality of human potential is a priority area of socio-economic development of Russia. The solution to the issues of breakthrough scientific, technological and socio-economic development of Russia up to 2024 set in the national projects depends on it. One of the important elements of the national project “Education” is to update the content, methods and standards of education, including the development of the 21st century skills and the new literacy, the introduction of modern educational practices aimed at increasing independence and motivation for knowledge. One way or another, all these objectives are connected with the formation and development of human potential of the Russian child population. The number of groups of young population in Russia today is insufficient to compensate for the demographic losses of the society. Therefore, it is important to preserve and increase the country’s human potential, strengthening these processes in all social institutions, including family, education, healthcare, etc. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the opportunities of the modern system of general education to form child human potential, as well as improve the quality of relations “parents - school”, “children - school”. The research framework is based on surveys conducted by the Vologda Research Center of RAS in the Vologda Oblast. The surveys were attended by parents with children aged 3-17 (2018) and teachers of secondary schools (2011, 2015, 2017). The research novelty of the study lies in the evaluation of relations “parents - school”, “children - school”, which demonstrate a high dependence of formation and development of intellectual and social characteristics of the child population on their quality. Thus, human development rate is higher (0.822 units) among children whose parents are involved in their school life than among the rest, even among those who are not deprived of their parents’ attention (0.786 units - answers: often). The study shows that the less parents and children contact in relation to reading, the lower the indicators of child human potential (with constant reading practice, the rate is 0.840 units, with occasional - 0.781 units.). The research results are useful for experts in education and organizations working with parents of schoolchildren.
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Human potential of Russia's rural areas: assessment and interpretation
Статья научная
The paper proves that the market transformations of the 1990s resulted in a crisis that affected all aspects of life of rural residents. Despite the measures taken to support the village, its problems still linger; and they include a reduction in the rural population and its outflow to the cities, and the condition of social infrastructure that is worse in comparison with that in the cities. All this reduces the opportunities for reproduction and development of human potential in Russian villages. The diversity of theoretical approaches to the definition of human potential, the lack of unified views on its structural components and methodological approaches to its analysis lead to the necessity to develop a comprehensive methodology for assessing human potential in rural areas; such a methodology should combine not only quantitative analysis based on statistical data, but also qualitative analysis that would involve the use of sociological research findings. In our paper, we present domestic studies on this problem and group them according to three scientific schools, determine their specific features and their positive and negative aspects...
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Identification of interconnection between health and employment of retirement age women
Статья научная
Recently, Russia has been actively developing and implementing the state policy of encouraging theemploymentofpeopleoftheoldergeneration. Thepurposeofthepaperistoidentifytheinterconnection between the employment of pensioners and their health (on the example of pension age women in the most active age group), which will allow justifying the more efficient policy in this area. The study is aimed at the test of two hypotheses, put forward due to the analysis of theoretical models and sociological surveys of the population. The first one suggests that retirees’ labor activity contributes to the preservation of their health; the second one states that only retirees, whose health allows doing it, continue to work. A diagram of the dependencies between the retirees’ employment, their health, and other factors, which formed the basis of the regression models, is generated. As a criterion of testing the hypotheses set in the research, two multivariate linear regression models, which evaluate the statistical dependence between employment, health status of pensioners, and other variables, were constructed. Based on the calculation of the determinant of the correlation matrix, the existence of linear dependence between explanatory variables in regression models was excluded. The study was conducted on the example of women at the age of 55-59 according to statistical data of Federal State Statistics Service, Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Nature and of the Federal Treasury. The results of the regression analysis confirmed only the first hypothesis, the second one was rejected. The proportion of working women at the age of 55-59 is largely statistically associated with the mortality rate of women of the same age. In turn, economic growth, tensions on the labor market, and the level of pension provision appeared to be statistically significant factors influencing the employment of women at the age of 55-59.
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Статья научная
The paper presents findings of a research, the goal of which was to evaluate the effectiveness of state measures aimed to promote the birth rate in Russia and its northern regions, their impact on the increase of birth rate intensity in 2007-2015. The relevance of choosing these territories for the study is determined by the high migration outflow of the population of reproductive age in most regions of the North, aggravating the growing adverse effects that the changes in the age structure have on fertility, the changes are due to the country's demographic history. Scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that it determines the total demographic effect of current measures of pro-family policy, evaluates the results of enhancing its activities and makes a contribution to scientific studies on identifying the impact of the behavioral component of fertility on the formation of the final number of children in the family in terms of government incentives provided to families...
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Статья научная
The article presents the analysis and indicates the extent of the problem concerning territorial differentiation of the quality and security of the rural population employment, as compared with the city residents of Perm Krai by indicators of wages and unemployment level. The impact of territorial differentiation of the quality and security of employment on the shrinkage in Perm Krai rural areas is revealed. Territorial shrinkage is characterized by rural population decrease, higher employee attrition rate, as compared to cities, reduction in the number of workers per one pensioner, deterioration of agricultural material and technical base; crop areas reduction.
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