Journal articles - Arctic and North
All articles: 1028
Scientific article
The article describes the evolution of the British Arctic strategy, the role of the British political institutions in this process, as well as the interests and policy priorities for the region. It is noted that currently the focus of the UK is addressed to the study of the environment state in the Arctic, as well as on climate change. In the future, with the development of the Arctic technology and increasing scrutiny of the area the interest of the Kingdom to natural resources of the Arctic zone will increase, as well as its military and defense interests in the region.
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The Arctic population: dynamics and centers of the settlement system
Scientific article
The article presents an estimate of the Arctic population in 1900-2019 by country and macro-region, obtained using official statistics of eight Arctic States. Analysis of spatial and temporal data revealed the main patterns of the Arctic population formation. Calculations show the world’s Arctic population increased from 1.3 million in 1900 to 6.1 million in 1989, and then declined to 5.4 million in 2019. The share of Russia varied from 22% to 58%. The data show that interregional migration in the Russian Arctic had a decisive influence on the demographic dynamics of the Arctic in general. The main reasons for the decline in the Arctic population in different periods were the completion of cycles of natural resource development and lower quality of life in comparison with the central regions. To smooth out differences in national statistical accounting systems, the article examines the dynamics of the population in 17 major centers of settlement in the Arctic, where more than two-thirds of the population lives. Calculations show that urbanization and population concentration in several of the most attractive areas of the Arctic continue. Administrative and educational centers, which are points of attraction for residents of other Arctic territories, get an advantage. The results of the study allow us to predict the further evolution of the Arctic settlement system. They can be used in the development of strategies and programs for the spatial development of the North and the Arctic.
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The Arctic project to a global society
Scientific article
The article investigates the spiritual, moral and historical grounds of objectively formation of a global society in the world content integrity. Expands the historical logic of the development of world society as the rise of social practice from the requirements of natural necessity to creative strategies, universal freedom. Substantiates the key role of the Arctic in a humanistic civilization and consolidation of humanity.
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The Arctic projects of the interregional integration
Scientific article
The problems of the interregional integration in the Russian Arctic, as the example of the White Sea and the planned Arctic union of the regions of Russia.
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The Arctic regions in the policy and economy of Arkhangelsk area
Scientific article
Article is devoted to the consideration of the Arctic vector in the politician of the government of the Archangelsk area, region and economy.
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Scientific article
This article presents the first experience of philosophical understanding of the Arctic phobias as a social phenomenon. Phobias are here considered not like as obsessive fears or apprehensions of the individual, as well as long-term threat, anxiety, expectations of social communities and groups related to Arctic issues and requiring their conceptual analysis. We try to make an attempt to identify social phobias, their classification of content studied philosophy Homo sapiens, and fears of modern Russians. It is opened polifobiya of the Arctic environment, Arctic social and cultural phobias, fears of HAARP, climatic changes, with the polar Russo phobia with Arctic performances.
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The Arctic society under the environmental and climate change (based on survey results)
Scientific article
Changes of the environment and climate have different local consequences in the Arctic. The article presents the research results of these impacts on traditional nature management in the perception of residents of the Nenets Autonomous District. The materials of nine focus groups and expert interviews were conducted in 2014, 2015, 2017 in the town of Naryan-Mar and two rural settlements on the island of Kolguev and Kanin Peninsula. The author reveals some reasons for the negative impact on reindeer herding: changes in the vegetation cover of tundra and populations of animals and the birds there; changes in the diet of deer; deterioration of accessibility of snow-covered forages; irrational use of deer pastures; pollution of tundra by industrial debris and waste. Hunters noted a reduction in the period of the spring hunting, deterioration in the availability of hunting resources, a decrease in the number of geese and a shift in their migration routes due to changes in the ice regime. A reduction in the number of valuable fish species is typical for fisheries. It is associated with contamination and shallowing of water bodies, an increase in water temperature and excessive fish production. Climate change positively influences the diversity and productivity of wild resources, but intensive harvesting worsens the condition of the berry. A decrease in the quality of the natural resources traditionally used by the population was observed. It increases the degree of discomfort in the remote territories of the Arctic.
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The Arctic strategic projects and their implementation
Scientific article
Presentation of the model of the cooperative projects to develop resources in the Arctic, developed by the project team from Arkhangelsk.
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Scientific article
In the new book "Arctic tourism in Russia" the basic concepts, resource potential, attractiveness (from Lat. Attrahere: to attract), opportunities and threats of environmental, cruise, international, and other types of tourism in the Arctic are system-based analyzed, for the first time in the literature. The sphere of tourism has becoming an integral sector of the economy, having a multiplicative effect for the development of infrastructure, social services, employment. Reference materials about the tourism products in the Russian Arctic and Far North regions are published, including the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions; Republic of Karelia, Komi, Sakha (Yakutia); Nenets, the Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk, the Chukotka Autonomous Districts; Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Municipal District, Turukhansk district, the city of Norilsk of the Krasnoyarsk region; Magadan region, Kamchatka region.
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The Arctic with Chinese Characteristics
Scientific article
Year by year, the Arctic is becoming an increasingly complex geopolitical and geoeconomic epicenter of interaction and simultaneous confrontation between Arctic and non-Arctic actors in international relations. In particular, China has already “put its hands” （插手）to the Arctic region, being a non-Arctic state. Using diplomatic language, the PRC was able not only to conduct a number of scientific studies as an official observer at the Arctic Council, but also to build up economic ties with the Arctic countries over a relatively short period of time. The purpose of our study is to identify the institutional features of China’s emerging Arctic identity. The main methodological framework of the study is the analysis of regions through the prism of mega- and meso-areas (Osamu Ieda) and the concept of regional security complexes (B. Buzana and O. Vever). The author is also actively researching the main strategic document of the PRC (the White Paper on the Arctic), the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a number of relevant international, national conventions and agreements, regulatory legal acts, international reports, statements and media materials. The author considers the identification of institutional features of the Chinese Arctic identity to be the main result of the study. The article also forecasts China’s further geostrategic course towards the Arctic region.
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The Arctic − the big general house for Russia and other states
Scientific article
The chronicle of carrying out of the first Day of Arctic regions in the NArFU named after M. V. Lomonosov.
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Scientific article
Taking into account the importance of maintaining and restoring physical and emotional strength, the need to reproduce human capital in harsh natural and climatic conditions of life, the problem of organizing tourism and recreation for the population of the the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is an important area of scientific research. Despite the growing interest in the Arctic, the issues of choosing tourist destinations by residents of the Arctic regions and their change under the influence of modern challenges remain outside the scope of scientific research. This paper seeks to answer these important questions from the perspective of recreation in the Arctic. The aim of the study is to identify the general trends and specifics of the organized outbound tourism development in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation under the influence of the modern challenges for the period 2004-2021 on the basis of the official statistical data. The model site of the study is nine Arctic Russian regions, fully and partially belonging to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The study allowed assessing the dynamics, general trends and specifics of the development of outbound tourist flow of residents of the Arctic subjects in comparison with the average Russian indicators in the context of domestic and international tourism. It reveals changes in the volume of organized tourist flow, as well as its redistribution between tourist destinations under the influence of the challenges of our time.
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The Code of the Arctic regions
Scientific article
In article materials of a round table “Code of Arctic regions”, spent are systematised on February, 29th, 2012.
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The Concept of Knowledge Co-production in the Context of Arctic Research
Scientific article
The review article focuses on the concept of knowledge co-production, which began to be developed at the beginning of the 21st century. Its appearance is associated with the transition to a new paradigm of scientific research, the need for which was caused by the complexity and social significance of global problems. The principle of transdisciplinarity was taken as a basis, which involves going beyond the limits of normative science and including various media and types of information in the production of knowledge. As a result, an approach to scientific research based on the joint production of knowledge was formed. Currently, the concept of “knowledge co-production” is debatable. A review of theoretical and methodological approaches to its definition made it possible to identify the main stages of the knowledge co-production process and the methodological difficulties faced by scientists. In most cases, they are associated with the presence of many different stakeholders in the process of knowledge co-production, differences in understanding of the purpose and objectives of research between representatives of the academic and non-academic community, lack of organizational and financial support. It is shown that the concept of knowledge co-production has received the greatest application in research on the sustainable development of the Arctic, where special attention is paid to the knowledge of indigenous peoples and their co-production.
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Scientific article
The article examines the current state of development of small innovative technology companies in the Arctic regions of North-Western Russia. Statistical surveys, questionnaires and in-depth interviews were conducted to identify the most promising forms of support for innovation in small innovative companies, allowing for the differentiation of mechanisms to maximize the effects of regional support measures. The basic factors influencing the interaction of business and science within the framework of technological innovations are presented. The analysis allows identifying current problems and difficulties that hinder the implementation of effective innovations: weak human resources potential of the Arctic regions; low interest of small and medium-sized enterprises in innovations. In order to form the innovative infrastructure of the Arctic regions, it is important to adopt regional programs for the development of cluster formations, especially industrial ones, as well as to develop projects aimed at mobilizing the innovative potential of the regions and including them in the strategy of socio-economic development of the territories. Accordingly, to implement these intentions, it is necessary to carry out coordinated work on a range of issues. It is required to develop a legislative framework for the creation of innovative spaces, industrial, environmental and tourist territorial clusters. At the same time, the introduction of new types of activities by small innovative companies requires the creation of a comprehensive list of organizations supplying innovative products that are in demand by residents of the Arctic zone, with the application of appropriate preferences.
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Scientific article
The monograph “Unfrozen: The Fight for the Future of the Arctic” attempts to analyze the current transformations in the Arctic region against the backdrop of climate change and escalating global geopolitics. However, from the Russian perspective, the work is significantly limited by its Western perspective, in which Russia is presented more as a source of tension and an object of sanctions pressure than as an equal participant in Arctic cooperation and sustainable development. The book does not pay sufficient attention to Russian national interests, strategic priorities, and comprehensive approach to Arctic development. The authors’ disregard for Russia’s role in ensuring environmental security, developing the Northern Sea Route and supporting the indigenous peoples of the region is critically important. Instead, the focus is on confrontation and the collapse of the Arctic Council’s institutional model, overlooking Russia’s efforts to maintain and advance cooperation mechanisms at the bilateral and multilateral levels. The monograph inadequately addresses Russian concepts of sustainable Arctic development as well as the consequences of unilateral sanctions and political pressure, undermining overall regional stability and security. Thus, while “Unfrozen” is valuable for understanding the Western perceptions of Arctic changes, it clearly lacks a comprehensive and balanced view that reflects the specifics and interests of Russia as a key Arctic state.
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Scientific article
At present, new financial mechanisms of interaction between employees and employers in the context of market relations are being formed and improved in Russia. The decisive factor in workers’ performance is their financial motivation and stimulation. The determinative of productivity of an enterprise activity is remuneration efficiency as a base of laborers’ financial motivation and stimulation. The remuneration is a flexible element of distributive relations and it is impossible to create an effective motivational mechanism without an establishment of its communication with final results. Such indices as salary distribution and salary intensity as basic indicators of wage efficiency assessment have been used in the paper. The object of the research is sixteen large and medium-sized fishing enterprises in the Arkhangelsk region as a part of the Arctic fishing cluster. These enterprises catch fish in the Barents and Norwegian seas, as well as in the North Atlantic. It has been shown that the financial results of fishing enterprises depend on external conditions — primarily on the quotas for fish catch and the price of fish products. In the research, the authors have proceeded from the following hypotheses: the Arctic fishing cluster’s enterprises operate in a monopsony on the labor market; there is a pattern between the size of wage fund and financial performance of the Arctic fishery cluster enterprises; the change in wage fund is an effective mechanism to improve the efficiency of the Arctic fishery cluster. In the course of the research, the following interrelated tasks have been solved: the identification of the features of the Arctic fishing cluster’s labor market; the assessment of the effectiveness of the wage fund use for the Arctic fishing cluster’s enterprises based on the author's methodology; the identification of the importance of the problem of insufficient efficiency of wage fund use in the Arctic fishing cluster.
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The European North of Russia as the bridgehead to the Arctic development
Scientific article
The realization of the Arctic strategy in Russia will greatly depend on stability in the internal development of the country and first of all on the level of the efficiency in the state social and regional policy and also on realizing successfully a potential of the regions which are a pre-Northern zone. The problem of the coordination of the efforts of the Northern subjects in the Russian Federation at a new stage of the Arctic development would be more successfully solved if the Northern federal district was formed within bounds of the Northern economic region or the region was integrated under a conditional name of the Dvino-Pechorsky territory.
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The First Scientific Expeditions to the Bering Strait and to the Russian Colonies in America
Scientific article
Based on the geographical atlases of the 16th century, the German scientist G. Leibniz proposed to Peter I a project aimed at discovering a strait between Asia and America, studying the Earth’s magnetic field, cartographic and other research in Russia. In December 1724, Peter I signed a decree on equipping the expedition, which was called the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725–1730). In 1732, the expedition of I. Fedorov and M.S. Gvozdev through the Bering Strait approached the northwestern coast of America in the area of Cape Gvozdev (now — Cape Prince of Wales). At the same time, members of the Admiralty Board N.F. Golovin and T. Sanders proposed organizing Russian round-the-world voyages and creating a Pacific Fleet to protect Russia's Far Eastern borders. In 1741, the Second Kamchatka Expedition of V.I. Bering and A.I. Chirikov explored the northwestern coast of America and the islands of the Aleutian ridge. In 1763, M.V. Lomonosov justified the possibility of passing the Northern Sea Route through the Pole to Kamchatka. In 1764–1769, by the order of Catherine II, K. Krenitsyn and M.D. Levashov sent a secret expedition to the Bering Strait, which initiated a systematic mapping of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. The expedition of I. Billings and G.A. Sarychev (1785–1796) resulted in the publication of maps of the Pacific Ocean. By the beginning of the 19th century, the question of the sea route to the Atlantic from the Bering Sea through the Arctic Ocean remained open. I.F. Kruzenshtern developed his own plan for organizing round-the-world voyages and received state support. Emperor Alexander I granted the request of the head of the Russian-American Company, N.P. Rezanov about sending goods to the Pacific colonies by sea and establishing interstate relations with Japan, which made it possible to equip the first Russian round-the-world expedition under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyanskiy (1803–1806).
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The First World War as a form of European containment of Russia: a view from Arkhangelsk
Scientific article
The article considers the factors of the successful development of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century and favorable forecasts on the prospects of increasing its capacity on the Eurasian continent. The successful development in a peaceful environment did not satisfy geopolitical opponents of Russia, especially the United Kingdom, which sought the variants of weakening the Russian empire by pulling it to military conflicts. Using the logic of the previous historical events and the current geopolitical situation, the authors hypothesize the First World War as a form of European containment of the development of Russia. There was a version expressed that the help of the Allies was coming mainly through Arkhangelsk. “It cannot be so,— the authors write, — that the invaders did not have the information about inability of arranging the delivery of goods because of the poor condition of the transport infrastructure in the region during that time”. Was it so or not, was it a conscious reason for the subsequent operation for using Arkhangelsk as a staging ground and a way of bribery of the local population and the authorities? To a certain extent this was confirmed by the message, sent by the chief of the British mission in Russia, General Poole, to London in January 1918 and analyzed in the present article.
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