Статьи журнала - Arctic and North
Все статьи: 972
Статья научная
In recent years, the entrepreneurial activity of Small Indigenous Peoples of the North (SIPN) has increased significantly due to favorable economic climate through the development of programs of subsidizing traditional economic activities. Their representatives are involved in the production and promotion of traditional products on global and local markets, including through the Internet. This is the result of the transformation of the traditional lifestyle and adaptation to digital innovations. The study aimed to analyze the market of the SIPN’ traditional food products in the European North of Russia in the Internet on the basis of big data. The materials of the study were text messages related to the traditional economy of indigenous minorities, uploaded using methods and tools of automated data collection from the “VKontakte” social network. Data processing was based on innovative methods for analyzing large-scale data, the assortment of products of the traditional economy of the indigenous peoples of the European North of Russia, the offers for the sale of which were posted on the social network for the period in 2019-2022, were studied. Recently, the activation of producers of SIPN’ traditional food products in the Internet became the result, on the one hand, of restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic, on the other hand, of increased interest to the SIPN’ culture and the Arctic biological resources, which provide their high adaptability, health and well-being. As a result, these northern products have acquired the status of a delicacy. It has been revealed that the most popular product on the Internet market in the European North of Russia is fish and seafood. The practical significance of the study is connected with the possibility of applying the results in the drafting and adjustment of strategic and program documents aimed at the development of the Arctic territories, preservation of the traditional way of life and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the European North of Russia.
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Статья научная
The article characterizes the study of the Civil War in Russia at the present stage in connection with the centenary of this epoch. The author points out the most important research projects implemented in Russia and abroad. The article summarizes the research results and reviews the current state of historiography of the Civil War and intervention in the Russian North. The author presents an overview of the consideration of problems and events of this epoch in Northern Russia in the Russian encyclopedias about the Civil War. The article gives a detailed critical analysis of the key problems of the Civil War in the North of Russia and the life of this region, its population on the pages of 3-volumes encyclopedia “Russia in the Civil War”, issued in Moscow in 2021. In contrast to simplistic representations and distortions of facts, the author reveals the real processes that took place on the northern territories of Russia during the dramatic era of Civil War, reflects on the prospects of further research.
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The Northern Sea Route: problems of national status legitimization under international law. Part II
Статья научная
The second part of the paper shows that the regime of navigation in the Arctic, particularly on the NSR, defended by Russia today, is much more liberal than that which existed in the Soviet years: up to the Gorbachev’s 1987 Murmansk speech the Soviet Arctic was a closed sea region for foreign navigation. Permissive order of passage established today at the level of Russian national legislation applies only to civil ships, and in the framework of the 1982 Convention, measures to protect the marine environment from pollution from ships cannot be applied to warships, military auxiliary ships, and ships on the state non-commercial service. However, the presence on the Northern Sea routes of water areas with the status of internal historical waters, including several Arctic straits, plus the special legal status of the Arctic, which is not limited exclusively to the 1982 Convention, allows Russia to insist on the applicability of the permit regime also to foreign warships. This approach is based mainly on the two states’ practice with the longest coastline in the Arctic: the USSR and Canada. Navigation along the NSR in today’s ice conditions is not yet possible without passing through the waters of the Russian Arctic Straits, whose waters are classified by the USSR as internal on historical legal grounds. Although under the 1982 Convention, they can be conditionally regarded as international, the lack of permanent transit through them makes it possible not to recognize them as such. However, the Russian Federation’s task to turn the NSR into an international shipping route may lead to a weakening of the current legal position. A similar situation may arise concerning the enforcement of Article 234 “Ice Covered Areas” of the 1982 Convention, which gives the Arctic countries additional rights in the field of navigation control. Lack of ice cover in the Arctic during most of the year can significantly strengthen the position of Russia’s opponents, who insist on a too broad interpretation of this article on our part. Finally, climatic changes may lead to the NSR becoming more latitudinal, and then the Russian Federation will lose any legal grounds to regulate navigation.
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The Northern Sea Route: the potential of expectations and the real functioning problems
Статья научная
The main objective of the article is positioning the Arctic regions as the participants of the federal Arctic strategy. The Regions are analyzed in the context of improving the efficiency of the Northern Sea Route, perceived a very important factor in their economic and social development. Author compares some aspects of the competition between the NSR and the Suez Canal, with focus on the historical and economic desires of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk to be the main gateway to the Arctic.
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The Nuclear Icebreaker Fleet and Its Role in the Economic Development of the Northern Sea Route
Статья научная
This scientific article studies the development of nuclear icebreakers, the history of their commissioning and service; the growth of nuclear icebreaker capacity is investigated. The Soviet and Russian stages of their history have been compared. A diagram of this development was constructed. Key tactical and technical data of nuclear icebreakers are compared; their proportionality and similarity are proved. The prospects of the nuclear icebreaker fleet development are investigated. The growth of cargo turnover along the Northern Sea Route in 1933–2022 is analyzed and systematized. The development of nuclear icebreakers is compared with the growth of cargo turnover along the Northern Sea Route, their interdependence is proved; the diagram of this interdependence is constructed. The reasons for the influence of both the development of the human economy and political events in and around Russia on the changes in the grouping of nuclear icebreakers are revealed. It is identified that the volumes of transportations along the Northern Sea Route in the 21st century are many times higher than in the Soviet era, largely due to the growth of the quality and quantity of the nuclear icebreaker fleet. The reasons for the reduction of the nuclear icebreaker fleet at the beginning of the 21st century under the influence of the general temporary reduction of cargo flows along the Northern Sea Route are shown. Maximum small and optimal sizes of nuclear icebreakers grouping for effective operation of the Northern Sea Route are specified.
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The Origin of the Russkoust'intsy Ethnic Group and Exploration Work in the Indigirka River Delta
Статья научная
The origin of the group of Russian Arctic old-timers living in the lower reaches of the Indigirka River in the village of Russkoe Ustye is still a subject of discussions. Despite the official version, the version about their origin from the Novgorod boyars, who allegedly settled in those places already in the 16th century, is being actively promoted. Written sources deny rather than confirm the legend with a complete lack of information. The article substantiates an attempt to verify the legend by means of ethnoarchaeological complexes, for which purpose archaeological prospecting works were carried out in the Indigirka delta in order to find predecessors of the contemporary village Russkoe Ustye and to assess their relevance for research. As a result, it became clear that the Staroe Russkoe Ustye tract could become the main source of archaeological material. Dating can also be attempted on the basis of materials from burials located in the Gulyanka area.
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The Potential of Industrial Tourism Sites in the Karelian Arctic
Статья научная
This article, devoted to unknown industrial sites in the Karelian Arctic, is based on materials from field research carried out in 4 regions of the Karelian Arctic: Segezhskiy, Belomorskiy, Loukhskiy, Kemskiy. The aim of the study is to analyze the potential for the development of industrial tourism in the Karelian Arctic based on expedition data in order to identify industrial tourism sites and develop recommendations for the formation of a new Concept for Arctic Tourism in the Russian Federation. During the study, four types of industrial tourism characteristic of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Karelia were identified: mining tourism; pulp and paper industry tourism; gastronomic tourism; water tourism. The development of the Kemsko-Belomorskaya agglomeration in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Karelia would enable year-round tourism activities, which would lead to growth in Arctic tourism. According to forecasts by the Government of the Republic of Karelia, tourist traffic to the Karelian Arctic will increase fivefold by 2035 (to 180,500 people). The practical objectives of the expedition were to identify and assess the potential of industrial tourism sites in the Karelian Arctic; to attract new audiences interested in non-standard types of tourism; to raise awareness of the geological and natural heritage of Arctic Karelia. The theoretical purpose of the expedition was to develop a concept for industrial tourism in the Karelian Arctic as part of the formation of a new Concept for the Development of Arctic Tourism in the Russian Federation. During the study, conclusions were made regarding the prospects for the development of industrial tourism in the Karelian Arctic, and the potential for development and risks were identified. The obstacles to the development of industrial tourism in the Karelian Arctic include the inconvenient location of industrial facilities and insufficient transport accessibility for tourists. The need to improve the infrastructure and transport accessibility of industrial facilities is a key factor for the development of industrial tourism.
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Статья научная
In the article is analyzed the Problem of Design and Implementation of the development of Strategy of the Russian Arctic in terms of management of changes theory of I. Adizes. There are formulated the recommendations to establish an effective system developing and implementing the strategy to solve the problem.
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Статья научная
The research group of the Arctic Museum and Exhibition Center, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, in cooperation with the Marine Heritage Association and the media group of the Marine Technical College in St. Petersburg are implementing the Arctic Oral Memory project, supported by the Presidential Grants Fund. The project involves the creation of an open Internet resource https://arcticmemory.ru/ with video recordings of oral histories of famous Russian polar explorers. The article is devoted to the results and experience of the implementation of this project, which is at the intersection of journalism (popularization), cultural anthropology and history, providing the opportunity to see and hear first-hand information from those who personally participated in the study and development Arctic.
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The Republic of Korea and the Arctic region: from policy formulating to policy making
Статья научная
The following article is a policy review paper devoted to the general analysis of the Arctic policy of the Republic of Korea. The analysis includes the explanation of the country’s demand for conducting its own policy in the Arctic that mostly resides in the peculiarities of South Korea’s geographical position and economic conditions and demands. The policy of South Korea in the Arctic region is highlighted in the three stages: before joining the Arctic Council, during the first master plan for the Arctic, and after the updated Arctic policy was issued. The brief history of the Korea’s participation in the Arctic activities is highlighted. Also, the provisions of Korea’s first master plan for the Arctic are highlighted, and some conclusions are made regarding its implementation. Then the updated Arctic policy of South Korea is examined. The core conclusion is that during 20 year of participation in the Arctic-related activities, the Republic of Korea has transformed its Arctic policy from being research-oriented only to providing national economic benefits from the multilateral inclusion in the Arctic cooperation institutions and events. Some further reflections on Korea’s further Arctic policy are provided at the conclusion.
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Статья научная
The decline in the birth rate, the increase in migration outflows and the deterioration of the health of the Russian Arctic population make it necessary to find innovative solutions to these issues. The scientific problem is to reveal the mechanisms of the influence of innovations and methods of their implementation in the sphere of the formation and realizing of the Arctic demographic potential. The aim of the article is to study the perception of innovation by the population of the Arctic territories when solving personal demographic issues and to assess the relationship between this perception with socio-demographic characteristics. The novelty of the study is in an attempt to link demographic and innovation processes in the Arctic. It was reflected in the substantiation of the theoretical model. The key element of the model is the zone of innovations perception by the population, formed on the basis of the interaction of demographic and innovation processes and combining the following directions of perception: population innovative activity, the desire to learn, the willingness to invest in innovations, the assessment of the innovations availability and willingness to use them, the inclusion of the population into the digital environment when solving demographic problems. The empirical basis was formed by the author's sociological survey of the Arctic municipalities population of the Arkhangelsk region, conducted in 2019. It was revealed that innovation perception is mainly influenced by the age and education and, to a lesser extent, by the level of their income. The results obtained can be used to develop a state regional policy for the demographic development of the Arctic territories based on the use of innovations.
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The Role of Norway and Sweden in US and NATO Military-Strategic Planning in the Arctic (mid-2020s)
Статья научная
Against the backdrop of Stockholm’s official accession to NATO (March 2024), the significance of Sweden and Norway’s power for the plans of the community of “Western democracies” is examined. Methodologically, the theory of armed forces construction (for the Scandinavian states, NATO as an institution) and the concepts of securitization are used. The paper determines why the Alliance’s forward deployment force network does not de jure extend to Norway, even though Norway consistently contributes to the formation of the bloc’s permanent groups. The article explores a set of measures aimed at building up forces in the provinces of Troms and Finnmark as a “springboard” for Western strategic penetration to the Arctic. The evolution of the US presence in northern Norway is shown, with a focus on the 2021 and 2024 agreements on access to the Kingdom’s bases. The content and consequences of decisions to significantly increase Norway’s ground forces are examined. The goals and characteristics of Sweden’s future presence in Finnish Lapland are revealed. It is proven that the United States is the key beneficiary of the measures under consideration. Relying on the increased military resources of its Scandinavian partners, the White House has been strengthening the basis for the penetration to the Arctic Ocean (from Europe), increasing the effectiveness of “containment” of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is drawn that the West has a dangerous desire to catch up with and surpass the Russian Federation in terms of the number of Arctic troops.
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Статья научная
The problem of preserving human capital in the context of globalization is due to processes in the economic, social and cultural spheres. The search for a solution to this problem in the field of humanities is associated with aspects of personality self-development. Among the most important components of personality self-development, the majority of researchers in the humanities note self-education as a motivator for labor and social activity. Therefore, the identification of socio-cultural factors affecting the level and need for self-education requires a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach with regional specifics taken into account. Objective is to identify the factors influencing the level of self-education of residents in the modern economic and socio-cultural conditions of the Republic of Karelia. The material for cultural analysis was the results of field studies obtained during a scientific expedition to the Karelian Arctic, northern and southern border regions of Karelia. As a research methodology, an integrated cultural approach was used. Among the effective methods were focus groups on thematic cases, standard and non-standard questionnaires, interviews, polls, factor analysis, statistical and normative methods. For the first time in scientific practice possible sources, channels and preferences of the population of Karelia in self-educational activities have been researched. As a result, it was concluded that the combination of economic indicators is the determining socio-cultural factor for self-educational activity of the residents of the investigated areas and geographical indicator, which allows the inhabitants of Karelia to realize their spiritual and material needs at a high level and to preserve human capital as the main value of society in the unstable situation of a globalizing world.
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The Role of training in the innovative development of the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
The paper considers the problem of training and retraining for innovation and technological development of the Russian Arctic.
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Статья научная
This article examines the legal status of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), which has been a subject of dispute between the Soviet Union\Russia and the United States for over fifty years. The main legal issue of the analysis is the question whether straits of the Northern Sea Route are international, where the freedom of navigation applies, or whether the straits are internal waters of Russia and they are subjected to national rules of navigation. The case of the Northern Sea Route straits is considered from a historical perspective and with references to relevant provisions of the contemporary international law of the sea. A similar dispute between Canada and the USA over the Northwest Passage is assessed as well. The author concludes that the USA has a disadvantageous position in the disputes due to difficulties in proving that both routes can meet necessary criteria for international straits developed by the international law. So far, the debate on legal status of the NSR waters is more of theoretical nature and has no practical implications. However, the situation might change with the Arctic sea ice melting and Russia planning to use the NSR on a much larger international scale.
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The Russian Arctic Image at the Present Stage of Development: Romance or Pragmatism?
Статья научная
The purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of the Russian Arctic image at the present stage of its development in terms of a romantic and pragmatic context. In order to achieve this purpose, the content analysis of publications on the Arctic topic in the federal and regional media was carried out. A pilot sociological survey of the European part of the Russian Arctic zone residents was used as an additional research method. The study results showed that pragmatic orientation prevails in the “Arctic” content of modern media. The Arctic is presented in a positive way as a special priority territory of the country, the power and strength of the Arctic territories are emphasized, the images of the Arctic and their unique potential are revealed. In the population minds, the Arctic images are presented in a more romantic way — the associations of local residents are associated with the nature splendor, love for the North and beautiful winter. It is substantiated that the integrated development of the Arctic territories requires qualified personnel, not only filled with the romance of northern beauty, but also pursuing specific practical goals. The results of the study will be useful and interesting to specialists involved in the Arctic territories development, to executive bodies of state power, as well as to the general public.
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The Russian Arctic, Sanctions Pressure and Geopolitical Instability
Статья научная
The development of the Arctic region was strongly influenced by the international situation — on February 24, the Russian Federation launched a special military operation in Ukraine. The United States, Great Britain and the EU, as well as several international and regional organizations imposed extended sanctions restrictions against Russia in the fields of politics, economics (transport, finance, trade, defense industry, aviation) and scientific research, which had regional consequences. The article describes the factors that determine the Russian Arctic's development under the collective West sanctions pressure. The interrelation of the state policy and social and economic development of the Arctic regions of Russia during the period of general geopolitical instability is investigated. The study uses the dialectical method, as well as general logical, theoretical and empirical research methods. The study examined the measures taken by the Russian government to ensure sovereignty and economic and technological independence in the Arctic. The conditions for increasing stability in the Arctic zone are also decompounded, a number of proposals that are of the brightest and most pronounced interest for the formation of stability in the region are presented, and the established goals and motives of economic development are outlined. The authors analyzed the geopolitical conditions for the development of the Arctic region today, trying to reflect the intentions of the main Arctic players in the current situation and determine the vectors of their further political decisions. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to increase further efforts on the Arctic track, to strengthen defense and security in the Arctic region. The necessity of creating suitable conditions for the integrated economic development of the Russian Arctic is substantiated.
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The Russian and World Arctic — a Monographic Study of Demographers, Sociologists and Economists
Статья научная
At the beginning of 2022, the Political Encyclopedia Publishing House (ROSSPEN) published a collective monograph “Russian and World Arctic: Population, Economy, Settlement” / Fauzer V.V., Smirnov A.V., Lytkina T.S., Fauzer G.N.; ed. by prof. Fauzer, Moscow, Political Encyclopedia Publ., 2022, 215 p. ISBN 978-5-8243-2479-2. The reviewers were well-known scientists: S. V. Ryazantsev, Corresponding Member of the RAS, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Director of the Institute for Demographic Studies of the Federal Research Sociological Centre of RAS, and A. N. Pilyasov, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Socio-Economic Geography of Foreign Countries, Faculty of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University.
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