Сельскохозяйственные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Effects of NaCl salt stress on biometric parameters in Pisum varieties
Статья научная
Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Here, we not only review recent advances in salinity stress research in plants but also revisit some basic perennial questions that still remain unanswered. In this review, we analyze the physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of Na+ and Cl- uptake, sequestration, and transport associated with salinity. We discuss the role and importance of symplastic versus apoplastic pathways for ion uptake and critically evaluate the role of different types of membrane transporters in Na+ and Cl- uptake and intercellular and intracellular ion distribution. Our incomplete knowledge regarding possible mechanisms of salinity sensing by plants is evaluated. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of the mechanisms of ion toxicity leads us to believe that, in contrast to currently held ideas, toxicity only plays a minor role in the cytosol and may be more prevalent in the vacuole. Lastly, the multiple roles of K+ in plant salinity stress are discussed.
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Effects of phytopathogenic fungi on plants (review)
Статья обзорная
This article outlines explanatory data on the interactions between phytopathogenic fungi and plants, as well as infestation ways of pathogenic fungi on plants. A thorough analysis of the literature revealed that phytopathogenic fungi use a number of biochemical and mechanical methods to penetrate into the plant tissues, including the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes, also use toxins, effector proteins, and growth regulators. Cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) in pathogenesis are the main weapon of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Статья научная
Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy farming, in clinical and subclinical form it is diagnosed in more than 50% of cows. Currently, various drugs and methods are used to treat mastitis. The article presents data on the effectiveness of the use of the preparation Ceftonit and preparation on the basis of cefquinome sulfate in the treatment of various forms of clinical mastitis during lactation. For the treatment of mastitis, the cows used the preparation Ceftonit®, Nita-Farm Russia, containing in its composition 50 mg/ml of ceftiofur, which is used in comparison with imported drug containing in its composition 25 mg/ml cefquinome sulfate. As a result of researches, it is established that the drug Ceftonit in the treatment of clinical mastitis in cows is not found in the milk of BRT by the AIM test and shows 100% therapeutic efficacy with an average recovery time of animals 5.5 days. Disease recurrence in the form of subclinical mastitis in the treatment with the drug Ceftonit was from 25 to 33%, and in the treatment with the drug based on cefkinom sulfate the number of relapses was greater and amounted to 44.44%. The use of the drug Ceftonit® for the treatment of mastitis does not lead to the culling of milk due to the presence of antibiotics, in contrast to the drug based on cefkinom sulfate, which has a restriction on milk, as confirmed by our studies.
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Epizootological state of salmonella-infected honeybee colonies in the southern region of Azerbaijan
Статья научная
In 2020-2021, the number of apiaries and honeybee colonies in villages located in 3 regions of the Masalli district (lowland, foothill and mountainous territories) and the degree of their infection with salmonellae were determined. Salmonellosis is one of the characteristic diseases of honeybee colonies, widespread throughout the Masalli district. Infection of honeybee colonies with salmonellae led to a slowdown in the activity of colony, a decrease in productivity, and even the death of the honeybee colony. As a result of the conducted studies, the epizootological state and the degree of salmonella infection were detected in the lowland (24.1%), foothill (38.0%) and mountainous (45.8%) areas.
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Статья научная
In the research work, 32 were local (materials of the “Cereals and Legumes” Department of the Institute of Genetic Resources of ANAS) and 25 were introduced by CIMMYT (International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement), a total of 57 ( Triticum aestivum L.) studied the effect of stress factors on physiological processes of autumn soft wheat genotypes under field conditions, especially drought on the water retention capacity of leaves. Water retention capacity is considered as a very valuable trait of wheat genotypes and is evaluated as resistance to drought stress. As a result of the study, among 57 wheat genotypes, the following genotypes were classified as I- drought resistant (Gobustan (st.) (AZE), Bol wheat (AZE), Grekum75/50 (AZE), Taraggi (AZE), Akinchi84 (AZE), Giymetli 2/ 17(AZE), Sheki 1(AZE), Tale38 (AZE),TX96V2847(US-TX), Arlin/Yuma (USA-KSU), MV Dalma (HU-MV), Desin (RO-FL), Duopebusa (MOL ), SG-S1915 (CZ), U1254-7-9-2-1/TX86A5616//Rina-6)(TCI), II- moderately resistant to drought (Arzu (AZE), Zardabi (AZE), Durdane (AZE), Mirbashir128 (AZE), Nurlu99 (AZE), Ruzi84 (AZE), Aran (AZE), Murov2(AZE), GobustanS2 (AZE), Starshina (RUS-KR), MV06-02 (HU-MV), Gerek (TR- ESK), Gloria (RO-FL), Bezostaya1(TR-ESK), LC924/Petja (BG-SAD), Sonmez (TR-ESK), Dalnitskaya (UKR)) and III- drought (Birlik (AZE), Gurgane 1 (AZE), Karabakh10 (AZE), Parzivan 1(AZE), Parzivan 2(AZE), Azeri (AZE), Saba (AZE), Zubkov (KYR), Steklovidnaya 24 (KAZ)) are grouped as sensitive.
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Evaluation of winter wheat genotypes under rainfed farming conditions
Статья научная
Drought has a serious effect on the plant height, the heading date and the grain yield of winter wheat genotypes in Mountainous Shirvan. Genotypes of Sonmez 01, Sheki 1, Bezostaya 1 and Gyzilbughda were noted as the tallest (120.1, 118.9, 114.9 and 111.8 cm), Gyrmizigul 1, Guneshli, Tale 38, Aran, Zirva 85 and Azamatli 95 as the short (83.6, 92.8, 95.8, 92.9, 94.0 and 98.0 cm), respectively, which indicates the adaptability of tall varieties for rainfed conditions. Gobustan, Zirva 85, Ruzi 84 and Gunashli genotypes were noted as the early heading, and Bezostaya 1, Sheki 1, Aran, Tale 38, Gyrmizigul 1 and Baba 75 as the late heading, which is associated with their genotypic characteristics. The yield was changed depending on the genotypic characteristics and annual total precipitation during the growing season. The highest yield was recorded in Gobustan and 7WON-SA no. 465 genotypes, while the lowest yield was in Azeri, Bezostaya 1 and Murov 2 during the research. Adaptation to adverse conditions and high yielding of Gyrmizigul 1 genotype shows the possibility of cultivation under adverse conditions. By adaptability to drought high yield of genotypes can be obtained responding to high soil fertility and favorable climatic conditions. Cultivation of these genotypes in rainfed regions such as Mountainous Shirvan is recommended.
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Experience vegetative propagation Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) in Uzbekistan
Статья научная
Conducting the results of the research work on the studies optimal timing of harvesting and planting stem cuttings Russian olive. The formation of adventitious roots on cuttings Russian olive is dependent on callus. The roots are laid in the cambium of the stem cuttings and breaking through the crust near the pillow or sheet between the callus and bark. Cuttings Russian olive autumn harvesting and spring planting at the end of the growing season gave the best gain in height - 166.7±5.35 cm (diameter of 10.2 ± 0.47 mm). Annuals plants from cuttings Russian olive autumn harvesting had 30 cm long and a height of 179.8±5,09 cm (diameter of 11.1 ± 0.69 mm) and save 88%. The best survival was observed in the cuttings, prepared with annual shoots. By the end of vegetative growth leading to escape the majority of seedlings Russian olive reaches 83-166 cm in height. Maximum 160-221 cm.
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Features of the Lonicera L. shoots growth under the Absheron conditions
Статья научная
The research analyzed the growth dynamics of annual shoots of some species of Lonicera L. in Absheron conditions. According to the seasonal dynamics of growth and development of species, Lonicera species are divided into 2 groups: straight and ivy species. The model species include deciduous, semi-evergreen and evergreen species, but these features of their life forms do not affect the growth process. Studies have shown that in the genus Lonicera L., regular growth was observed during the growing season, while in the straight species the growth was completed in July. The observed increase in hydrothermal stress had a positive effect on the growth and branching of the shoots, and an increase was observed. This growth parameter is dominated by ivy Lonicera L. ( L. caprifolium and L. etrusca ). Intensive growth was observed in Absheron in May-June and September.
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Feed crops of Nakhchivan arid mountain lands
Статья обзорная
Presents information on feed crops of arid mountain lands of Nakhchivan. It is established that the most widespread group of feed grasses of the studied area includes Artemisia L., Salsola L., Kochia Roth, Atriplex L., Symphytum L., Astragalus L. and others. The distribution area of feed crops of these genera and mixed associations formed by them were studied.
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Fruit trees pests and pest control
Статья научная
Currently, pests cause great harm to fruit trees. 22 pests damaging fruit trees were identified and their species composition was determined. Some of them, under favorable conditions, multiply abundantly and damage the fruits, trunks, roots, branches and leaves of trees. In gardens, depending on the number of species, biological characteristics, harmfulness and nature of damage, the following activities can be carried out: 1) agrotechnical; 2) physical and mechanical; 3) biological methods. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the use of predominantly biological methods in pest control. Chemical methods of pest control have lost their effectiveness in recent years. This is due to the fact that in the course of the fight against this or that pest, hundreds and thousands of beneficial insects also disappear in nature. Not only that, but the birds that feed on them, etc., the animals are also poisoned, and their numbers are decreasing.
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Geography of distribution of malus varieties in Azerbaijan depending on soil
Статья научная
More than 6,000 plant species have been identified in the Caucasus, of which 4,200 species (70%) are common in Azerbaijan. 11% are trees and shrubs, and 9% are endemic plants. There are more than 280 local varieties and forms of apple trees in Azerbaijan. After the 1920s, the area of fruit orchards in Azerbaijan was expanded to 21 thousand hectares due to local varieties, of which 13 thousand hectares (62%) were apple orchards. In 1926, the Azerbaijan Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture and Subtropical Plants was established in Azerbaijan with the aim of developing fruit growing. New varieties of apple trees are created through selection. Due to the newly created varieties through selection, apple orchards in Azerbaijan have significantly developed. In 1976, 13 thousand hectares of new industrial apple orchards were planted. Since 1982, the existing gene pool of apple trees has been studied.
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Статья научная
Cultivation of soil on the slopes of mountainous areas leads to a decrease in organic matter and nutrients in the soil and severe soil erosion. Grazing is one of the main reasons for the degradation of pastures and natural landscape, which increases the sensitivity of the soil to erosion. Soil erosion, in turn, pollutes water by increasing its turbidity and sometimes causes atrophy due to leakage of phosphorus and nitrogen. An average of 30.6 quintals of green mass or 7.8 quintals of dry grass per hectare was produced in the variant of grass seed sowing (without fertilizer), compared to the control variant, in the variant of grass seed sowing + N60P60K40 this indicator averaged 39.9 centners/ha of green mass. or more than 15.0%, resulting in the production of 10.0 quintals of dry or 14.7% more dry grass. Experimental field studies to improve pastures have shown that the fodder produced in each of the tested variants; green mass and dry grass supply and their nutritional value were higher than control.
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Статья научная
Determination of optimal fertilizer norms under tomato vegetation related to vegetable growing is a very important issue. For this purpose, the influence of various forms of nitrogen on the background of organic fertilizers on the background of the biometric data of the “Preliminary” tomato varieties, the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of tomato bushes have been studied. Also, the biochemical indicators of tomatoes were studied. It has been shown that no fertilization of the fertilizers in the fertilizer (10 t/ha) + N90P90K90 was observed in the fertilizer, but the tomato fruit weight and diameter increased, and the nitrates contained in it did not exceed the norm.
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Investigation of irrigation erosion in pseudopodzol yellow soils of the Lankaran district
Статья научная
Inclination, length, form and exposition of the slopes affect the irrigation erosion process in the Lankaran district. The artificial rain in a different intensity was created in the tea plantations of the experiment farm of the tea and citrus plants in Lankaran branch in order to study a reason of the surface washing creation in irrigation erosion of the tea plantations more accurately. It was known that a tea plantation in which the rows were built along the slope in 1975, the liquid flow was 125.0 m3/ha, while the rain intensity was 1.0 mm/min., the liquid dissolved dissolved substances flow was 240.0 m3/ha, 2.90 t/ha in the tea plantations built in 1990, while an amount of the leached soil was 0.80 t/ha. Firstly, conduction of the surface smoothing work is recommended in order to prevent from irrigation erosion in irrigated areas with a slope more than 0.02°. Generally, the surface smoothing work is fundamental and current, and it is divided into two places. The current smoothing work begins from preparation of soil for sowing every year and this measure doesn’t require more funds. The fundamental smoothing work is performed for fundamental smoothing of the irrigated sowing areas. At this time an inclination of the areas shouldn’t be more than 0.01. It is recommended to conduct the fundamental smoothing work, then current smoothing work in the areas where the inclination is more than 0.01. Fight against irrigation erosion, definition of the water and irrigation norm, water consumption and realization in the irrigated areas are main problems. The irrigation norm should be determined before for each plant watering. Beside the aforesaid, the technical means (pipes that are made from different materials), including different brands (Fregat, Kuban, KSID-50, Volzhanka, DDA-100 M and so on) rainmaker aggregates, various progressive irrigation methods (artificial precipitation, subsoil irrigation, drip watering, aerosol irrigation, etc.) should be used.
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Статья научная
The influence of growth factors on the development of callus and roots in the biennial cuttings of the olive plants were investigated in a comparative manner. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Absheron Experimental Station. One-year and two-year cuttings of the olive plant were taken as the object of the study. Growth agents (indolyl acetic acid and Na+-salt of naphthenic acid) were used to influence the rapid rooting of shoots. During the conducted experiments, different results were obtained in different options. In comparison with the control variant, the positive effect of indolyl acetic acid and Na+-salt of naphthenic acid on olive cuttings were observed. According to the conducted studies, it was found that the rooting of the cuttings was accelerated as a result of the effect of growth substances. The number of rooting and callus was higher in two-year cuttings than in one-year cuttings. Thus, 49 out of 60 (81%) two-year cuttings were rooted by using of indolyl acetic acid, and 50 were rooted (83%) when callus was exposed to the Na+-salt of naphthenic acid, in 9 were observed having callus, only in 1 wasn’t observed development. The Na+-salt of Naphthenic acid had a better effect on rooting and the number of calluses among growth substances. As a result, it was determined that for the rapid development of the olive plant, cuttings should be taken from healthy and well-nourished trees and Naphthenic acid Na+-salt should be kept for a specified time (12 hours) and concentration (0.005%).
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Irrigated and virgin soil comparative characteristic in the Mugan-Salyan massif
Статья научная
The article deals with the comparative analysis of irrigated and virgin soils in the Mugan-Salyan Massif. A main purpose of the work is to study the effect of intensive irrigation on the soil and the morphogenetic changes in the soil profile. Experimental researches are performed in the field, cameral and laboratorial conditions. Irrigated soils are distinguished from virgin soils by the following morphological features: biological processing, fertility, homogeneity of mechanical composition, formation of modern cultivated layer due to agroirrigation sediments characterized by gray color; heavier mechanical composition; absence of sharply expressed illuvial carbonate content, significantly lower carbonate profile, hardened subsoil formation.
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Статья научная
The article talks about the characteristics of main parasites of crops, their characteristics. Efforts to control these plant parasites involve integrated pest management strategies, including sustainable crop varieties, cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of chemical interventions. Continued monitoring and research is critical to developing sustainable solutions to reduce the impact of these pests on global agriculture.
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Статья научная
The Malus is a deciduous tree of the Rosaceae family, which is actively used in horticulture. In order to maintain healthy, productive trees and fruits, it is necessary to know what pests and control measures exist. The paper presents a review of modern literature on the means and methods of combating diseases and pests of the apple tree. In conclusion, practical conclusions are given about the most effective methods of struggle.
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Modern comparative characteristic of mountain meadow soils in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
The northeastern slope of the Lesser Caucasus occupies a large territory in the western part of Azerbaijan. One of the most widespread soils in Azerbaijan is mountain meadow soils. The purpose of the research is a comprehensive and comparative study of morphodiagnostic parameters, physicochemical properties and biochemical activity of natural and anthropogenically modified biogeocenosis of mountain meadow soils of the Gadabay District. Some results of many years study are described in the article. Villages like Gara Murad, Kichik, Garamurad, Saratovka and others were researched. The research was carried out on virgin soils and cultivated lands in villages. A total of 15 land plots have been allocated, some of the research results are presented in the article. Carrying out numerous agro-reclamation activities, we managed to attract uncultivated land to agriculture and obtain high-quality products. The groundwater level in these areas exceeds 2 meters, and the salinization processes are active. Comparative results from all these agro-chemical studies helped to get virgin soils into agriculture in the plains and achieve high productivity. This can be invaluable literary material for a new generation of soil scientists.
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Статья научная
The aim of this study was to evaluate morphologic features, diagnostic qualifiers and enhance classification of alluvial-meadow soils in the floodplain of the Kur River within Azerbaijan. For this purpose, several soil pits were placed in the representative test areas and multiple soil samples collected within field campaigns (2014-2015). Based on the field and laboratory test data, the detailed soil maps of the test areas were compiled, and diversity of alluvial-meadow soils was classified as suborders (subtypes): alluvial-meadow primitive; alluvial-meadow layered (flaggy); alluvial-meadow dark and alluvial-meadow irrigated. It was found out that in the floodplains, local soil variability was predominantly attributed to not only alluvial sediments, but also water table, mineralization rate and salt content of underground water as well flood water play an important role. The mineralization of ground water is weak (1.40-3.70 g/l) and the concentration of hydro-carbonates (HCO3-) varies from 0.56 to 0.92 g/l. No salinization indication found in the profile of alluvial-meadow primitive and alluvial-meadow layered soils, while weak concentration (solid content = 0.40-0.54%) was found at a depth of 80-150 cm in the alluvial-meadow dark soil. Unlike other subtypes, alluvial-meadow dark soil is characterized with the higher biomass (green weight of top = 41.5 cwt/ha and green weight of underground = 142.3 cwt/ha), high mobility of humus substances with predominance of the 1st fraction of humin (20.0-28.1%) and fulvic acids (14.6-22.3%). The ratio of Cha : Cfa reaches 1.18-1.32. For the alluvial-meadow irrigated soil, the second fraction of humin acid (9.3-10.2%) and total content of humin acid ranges from 45.6 to 50.3%. The ratio of Cha : Cfa is larger (1.37-1.50). Depending on the lithology of alluvial sediments, the content of SiO2 and R2O3 varies in the ranges of 53.0-57.2% and 9,6-26,0%, respectively. For the alluvial-meadow dark soil, decomposition of alum silicates in alkaline hydrolysis is typical (8.7-9.0). The content of SiO2 and R2O3 varies between 47.8 and 50.6 %, and 19.7 and 21.6%, respectively. In the topsoil, of the irrigated soils in associated to washing out the content of Ca and CaO content (12.2-13.1%) increases in deeper horizons.
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