Статьи журнала - Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии
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Статья обзорная
Heavy metals that enter the aquatic environment pose a serious threat to the biota due to their toxicity. This review reveals that various concentrations of copper and mercury at varying lengths of exposure alter the activity of protein, carbohydrate, lipid, phosphatase, and aminotransferase significantly in the different soft tissues and hemolymph of molluscs, and toxicity is metal, organ, or species specific. The alterations in the levels of biochemical constituents and enzymes suggest adaptations of molluscs to meet high metabolic needs under metal stress. The apparent sensitivity of these biochemical and enzymatic parameters’ activities suggests that they have the potential to be promising and reliable biomarkers of water pollution due to copper and mercury and can constitute an important diagnostic tool in toxicological studies. Additionally, the shells of molluscs should be considered contamination biomarkers as they sequester pollutants. A review of the literature also indicates that molluscs can be considered full-time biomonitors as they react to pollutants and can provide useful information on the water quality over time. The “Molluscs Watch” program should be included in environmental surveillance programs to keep watch on the health of the aquatic ecosystem and to protect aquatic biodiversity. This review provides an overview of the effects of heavy metals (copper and mercury) on biochemical constituents such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and the activity pattern of enzymes such as acid and alkaline phosphatases, aspartate, and alanine aminotransferases in molluscs.
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Статья научная
Cold temperature damage is a common problem for plant in temperate regions. Physiological responses to low temperature were investigated in sorghum to identify mechanisms of tolerance. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL.)seeds were soaked in different concentrations (0, 3, 6 and 12 mg L-1) of sodium selenate for 6 h before sowing, during the germination period seedlings were exposed to 4 °C or 8 °C for 7 days and allowed to recover at 25 °C for 3 days. Selenate at lower concentrations (3 & 6L-1) enhanced the growth and levels of chlorophylls, anthocyanine, sugar, proline, ascorbic acid and enzymatic activities. However, high level of selenate (12 mg L-1) exert toxic effects. The levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and carotenoids) were increased by selenate. Low selenate (3 & 6L-1) diminished lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde. The activities of enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase) in sorghum seedlings were enhanced by low level of selenate. The results showed that both enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants played significant roles in selenate detoxification.
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Статья научная
The experiment was conducted with two IRRI lines and two BRRI varieties at the research field of Plant Physiology Division of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur during October 2010 to September 2011 in Boro season to study the low temperature as cold tolerance effect on rice at vegetative and reproductive stages. All the genotypes (IR77496-31-2-1-3-1, IR62266-42-6-2, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan36) of transplanting date 30 November, 15 December and 30 December showed higher yield except 15 November transplanted rice. The 15-November transplanted rice appeared with a significant cold in the reproductive stage. Moreover, BRRI dhan28 was not found to observe as tolerant to low temperature in reproductive stage, and produced the lowest yield 0.71 t/ha and highest (39.47%) sterility. BRRI dhan36 resulted yield 2.18 t/ha and exerted its ability to withstand the jolt of cold to some extent at the reproductive phase and IR62266-42-6-2 pronounced significantly better performance compared to BRRI dhan36...
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Статья научная
Environmental cues play important roles in the regulation of an animal’s physiology and behavior. In the present study, we performed a factorial experiment (temperature/photoperiod) in which Tupaia belangeri was acclimated to different photoperiods (long photoperiod, 16L:8D; short photoperiod, 8L:16D) and temperatures (warm, 30 oC; cold,5 oC) to test the hypothesis that photoperiod, temperature, or both together can trigger changes in energy budgets and endocrine hormones concentrations. The results showed that temperature, photoperiod had a significant effect on energy intake, and digestible energy intake. Both short photoperiod and cold caused animal's gross energy intake to increase by 25.6% and 89.1 %, and caused digestible energy intake to increase by 24.1% and 83.5% respectively compared with that of the initial, but there was no significant interaction between photoperiod and temperature on energy intake and digestible energy intake. Temperature had significant effect on serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations, serum leptin level, photoperiod had a significant effect on TSH and melatonin. The present results suggested that T. belangeri adapt cold stress or short photoperiod by increasing energy intake, and may be regulated by endocrine hormones. Furthermore, leptin and melatonin seem to be involved in the regulation of body mass and energy balance in T. belangeri.
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Статья научная
Many small mammals respond to seasonal changes in photoperiod by altering body mass and adiposity. These animals may provide valuable models for understanding the regulation of energy balance. In present study, we examined the effect on body mass, rest metabolic rate, food intake and body composition in cold-acclimated (5 °C) in Eothenomys miletus by transferring them from a short (SD, 8h :16h L: D) to long day photoperiod (LD, 16h: 8h L:D). During the first 4 weeks of exposure to SD, E. miletus decreased body mass. After the next 4 weeks of exposure to LD, which the average difference between body masses of LD and SD voles was 4.76 g. This 14.74% increase in body mass reflected significant increases in absolute amounts of body components, including wet carcass mass, dry carcass mass and body fat mass. After correcting body composition and organ morphology data for the differences in body mass, only livers, kidney, and small intestine were enlarged due to photoperiod treatment during cold exposure. E. miletus increased RMR and energy intake exposure to LD, but maintained a stable level to SD after 28 days. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with body mass, body fat mass, RMR as well as energy intake. All of the results indicated that E. miletus may provide an attractive novel animal model for investigation of the regulation of body mass and energy balance at organism levels. Leptin is potentially involved in the photoperiod induced body mass regulation and thermogenesis in E. miletus during cold exposure.
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Статья научная
Haematological analyses has been routinely used in determining the physiological state of animals and known to be affected by different environmental factors, the present study was therefore designed to assess the effect of 24 hours of light (00D: 24L), 24 hours of darkness (24D: 00L) and 12 hour light / 12 hours darkness (12D: 12L) photoperiod on the haematological parameters of the African Catfish. At the end of the six weeks experiment, it was observed that some haematological parameters such as Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), the Mean White Blood Cells (WBC), Mean Red Blood Cells (RBC), Haemoglobin content (HGB), Platelet count (PLT) showed significant difference (P0.05). However MCHC and MCH were noticed to increase as the light period increased while the other parameters reduced as the light period increased. The findings indicate that exposure of the African Catfish to continuous light for six weeks duration elicits response in the haematological profile of the fish.
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Effects of plant growth regulators on the carbohydrate accumulation in Simarouba glauca seedlings
Статья научная
A study was conducted to assess the accumulation of carbohydrate in germinating seeds as well as leaves, stem and roots of Simarouba glauca in response to various Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs). Field experiment was carried out to investigate effect of foliar application of PGRs like 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), gibberellic acid (GA), chlormequat (CCC), salicylic acid (SA), cysteine and methionine with 5 and 20 ppm concentration on carbohydrate content of Simarouba glauca DC whereas Seeds were subjected to 100 ppm solutions of various PGRs, which include GA, 6-BA, CCC, SA, Cysteine, and Methionine. It could be concluded that application of PGRs affect the carbohydrate metabolism or synthesis. Thus, the application of growth regulators in present study will be beneficial for induction of synthesis of primary metabolic products followed by synthesis of secondary metabolites of S . glauca .
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Effects of pre-application with gibberellic acid on germination of soybean under salt stress
Статья научная
This study was conducted to determine the effect of GA3 applied on soybean seeds before germination in Sinop University Department of Biology Laboratory. Soybean seeds were treated with different doses of GA3 (50, 100 and 150 ppm) for three different application times (6, 12 and 24 hours). After this, soybean seeds pretreated GA3 irrigated with different doses of pure water and NaCl (50, 100 and 150 mM). Germination rate and germination time at room temperature, radicle and hypocotyl lenght, wet and dry weight of radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledon values were examined. Study, the highest germination rate was by (42.83% and 41%) and 6 hours in GA3 pre and NaCl application (pure water) group, the highest germination time (6.80 and 6.81 days) at 6 hours with control (pure water) and at 50 ppm GA3 pre and 150 mM NaCl. The highest radicle and hypocotyl length were obtained from 12 hours pre-application control (pure water) and 100 ppm GA3 dose. As a result; it has been observed that as the salt ratio increases, all the parameters decrease significantly and the soybean seed is very sensitive to salt, especially 6 hours control (pure water) and 50 ppm GA3 pretreatment provides salinity resistance.
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Статья научная
This investigation was aimed to study the response of potato plants to water deficit and exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and glycine betaine (GB). Potato cultivars, Spirit, Born, Arinda and Banba were experienced under two irrigation regimes, 30 and 60 % depletion of available soil water, and two concentrations of both SA (0.5 and 1.0 mM) and GB (1.0 and 2.0 mM) additionally the control (0.0 mM SA and GB). Gas exchanges, proline content (Pro), root volume (RV), root/shoot ratio (R/S), plant dry mass (PDM), number tuber (NT) and yield of potato cultivars were measured. With the exception of R/S, water de cit led to notable decreases in gas exchanges, RV, PDM, NT and yield of potato cultivars and increases in Pro content. Foliar application of SA and GB resulted in signi cant increases in photosynthesis (Photo), carbon dioxide concentration in the sub-stomatal chamber (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), Pro, PDM and yield in some levels of SA and GB; the level of the increases appeared more when potato plants were grown under water de cit conditions. All the overhead effects supported PDM and yield of potato cultivars to increase by exogenous application of SA and GB and directed to the assumption that water deficit converted harmful effects on potato cultivars could be released by exogenous applied SA and GB.
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Статья научная
Salicylic acid is involved in the regulation of metabolic activity and defense mechanism in plants under various stress conditions. Present study was conducted to determine the effects of salicylic acid (10 to 500 M) on seedling growth, development and nitrogen use efficiency in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants with or without nitrogen nutrient. Salicylic acid increased contents of chlorophyll, total non-structural carbohydrate and total nitrogen, as well as nitrate assimilation through the induction of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) activity in isolated cucumber cotyledons. Accumulation of salicylic acid was two-fold higher in cotyledons without nitrate supply in comparison to that with nitrate supply. Further 50 M of SA induced enhancement in seed germination and growth characteristics. However higher salicylic acid concentrations inhibited above physiological characteristics. Results show that, field application of salicylic acid need optimum physiological concentration (e.g., 50 M) to increase nitrogen use efficiency particularly during germination and seedling growth.
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Статья научная
Present study aims to evaluate the impacts of salinity and water stress factors on seed germination and early seedling growth under ex-vitro conditions in an oil crop, black sesame ( Sesamum indicum L., cv. TMV3). During salinity stress, various concentrations of NaCl-solutions (10mM, 25mM, 50mM, 100mM, and 250mM) were employed while during water stress treatments, mannitol and sorbitol solutions in equal concentrations (10mM, 25mM, 50mM, 100mM, 250mM, and 500mM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution (5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50%) were considered. Furthermore, after 3-days and 7-days of stress treatments, observations were recorded as partial and full germination respectively. Results indicate that with 100mM of NaCl solution, sesame seed was found to germinate without root development (80±0.0%) after 7-days of treatments in comparison to control experiment (100±1.0%) and further high concentration (250mM) of NaCl solution was proved to be completely toxic for sesame seed germination. Additionally, seedling growth was also affected with NaCl concentrations and seedling’s height was recorded as minimum with root and shoot lengths (0.5±0.21cm/2.1±0.78cm) in seeds growing with NaCl solution (50mM) while further high concentration (100mM) was proved to be strongly inhibitory for root development in germinated seeds. During water stress treatments, results indicated that mannitol (100mM) turns out to be relatively strong inhibitor for seed germination (50±0.5%) than sorbitol (60±1.0%) with (250mM) solution. However, both mannitol and sorbitol solutions (500mM) were proved to be fully toxic for seed germination. Furthermore, during PEG treatments, PEG solution (25%) was found to be significantly inhibitory and germination frequency (40±0.0%) was recorded while further increase in PEG concentration (50%) was proved to be lethal. Moreover, during early seedling growth, mannitol (100mM) was turned out to be strongly inhibitory for root development and root-shoot length ratio was recorded as (0.0cm/0.25±0.41cm) while sorbitol (100mM) was proved to be slightly weak inhibitor (0.71±0.27cm/0.93±0.32cm). Significantly high concentration of mannitol (250mM) was turned out to be toxic for seedling growth while even very high concentration of sorbitol (500mM) was failed to suppress seedling growth completely. During PEG treatments, the minimum seedling height (0.79±0.31cm/1.43±0.32cm) was recorded with PEG (15%) solution while PEG (25%) solution was found to suppress root formation completely. Furthermore, during endogenous proline content estimation in tissues growing with NaCl salt solutions, results indicated that proline content gradually increases with the increase in NaCl concentrations and was found to be maximum (128.3x10-3g-1) in tissues growing with very high concentration of NaCl (100mM) solution than the tissues growing with very low concentration (10mM) of NaCl salt solution (10.94x10-3g-1).
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Effects of short-term low-intensity laser radiation on muscle reactions in young lambs
Статья научная
The article is based on the results of a study of the effect of short-term, low-intensity laser radiation on the meat yield of young lambs in the farm "Gulandom ona" of the Kushrabot district of the Samarkand region. Analysis of the change in body weight by age in absolute and daily growth rates showed that the lambs of the experimental group differed from the control lambs in significantly higher body weight and daily growth rates. In this case, it was shown that, according to the studied indicators, the lambs in the experimental group were significantly superior to those in the control group. It was established that the night gain obtained in the lambs of the II and III experimental groups was 3.6-4.4% higher than that in the lambs of the control group.
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Effects of some environmental variables on urease in germinating chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) seed
Статья научная
Enzyme activity is influenced by a large number of factors. Environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, salt concentration, substrate concentration, activators, and inhibitors may change the three dimensional shape of an enzyme, altering its rate of activity and/or its ability to bind substrate. The effects of such environmental factors were evaluated. The optimum pH and temperature of the purified urease were 7.2 and 48 0C, respectively, using urea as substrate. The optimum substrate (urea) concentration for urease was 25 mM. The enzyme showed the highest activity when incubated for 30 min at 48 0C. EDTA, a metal chelator, decreased the enzyme activity significantly. This may be due to the removal of metal ions located on or near the active site. Divalent cations like Ba 2+ and Mg 2+ slightly stimulated the enzyme at a concentration of 1-3 mM whereas Na + and K + produced little or no effect on the activity. Ca 2+ enhanced urease activity by 120.47%, while Pb 2+, Cu 2+, Zn 2+ and Hg 2+ almost completely inhibited the urease activity.
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Статья научная
In order to investigate the changes of plasticity of visceral organs and digestive tract morphology in Apodemus chevrieri which inhabit in Hengduan mountain region, the organ masses and digestive tract which include the changes of heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney as well as the length and weight of stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cecum were measured during cold and warm acclimation. The results showed that the weight of heart and liver of cold acclimation group were obviously higher than that of warm acclimation group. The weight and length of small intestine showed significant differences between two groups. All of the results indicated that A. chevrieri maintain their normal life activities by increasing the weight of related organ masses and adjusting the weight and length of small intestine under cold temperature.
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Статья научная
The tomato, a genus of Lycopersicon, is cultivated worldwide for fruit. It is an important gastronomic ingredient and an important source of income for small farmers in Mali. However, its production faces a number of phytosanitary constraints that are still poorly understood. Among phytosanitary problems, bacterial wilt, caused by R. solanacearum , is proving to be the most dangerous and devastating of all tomato crops in Mali. The aim of this study is to contribute to the improvement of tomato production in Mali by identifying tomato varieties tolerant to R. solanacearum and adapted to the growing periods. To achieve this objective, trials under artificial and natural infestation conditions with 12 tomato genotypes during three periods were conducted at the Sotuba research station from December 2018 to December 2019. Analysis of variance revealed no significant difference between the two strains tested. Both strains were more severe, especially in period 2 of the experiment. The Caraïbo variety was the most susceptible to both strains, with an average severity rate of 2.8 (≈3) and the most stress-susceptibility index (0.69). The varieties Carioca and SF-83-61 were the most productive in both experimental conditions. With average yields ≥ 3.5 t/ha under artificial infestation conditions and ≥ 6 t/ha under natural conditions. In contrast, the Roma and Rossol varieties recorded the lowest yields. To minimize R. Solanacearum damage and improve field yields at all cropping periods, the SF-83-61 and Carioca varieties may be recommended for release in areas where R. Solanacearum , responsible for bacterial wilt, causes significant damage in tomato crops after confirmation tests.
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Статья научная
The study investigated of varied levels’ effects of Paullina pinnata ethanol leaf extract on Clarias gariepinus juveniles in a 2-phase (range-finding and main) experiment. Two hundred and fifty Clarias gariepinus juveniles were acclimatised for two weeks at the Fish Hatchery complex of the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, where they were weighed with a mean weight of 9.00 ± 1.00 g, distributed into 12 plastic tanks of 35 L capacity, and arranged in a completely randomised system with a stocking density of 9 fish per tank. For the first phase (i.e., range-finding) experiment, 99 C. gariepinus juveniles were stocked into the plastic tanks (35 liters) filled to 10 litres of the volume, dosed with 5 mL syringe drops of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L-1 extracts in triplicate, where no behavioural changes and mortality were observed. For the main experiment, 108 C. gariepinus juveniles were stocked and dosed with increased 5 mL syringe drops of 0, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg L-1 extracts in triplicated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysed the data, and the Duncan Multiple Range Test separated the means. The histological results of the main experiment revealed severe lesions on the gills of the varied-extract exposed fish. The extract had a significantly negative effect on the exposed fish and posed a threat, which eventually led to death at a higher concentration. The study concluded and recommended that the range-finding concentrations of the extract should always be administered by the fish farmers while exploring the ethanol leaf extract of Paullinia pinnata to lessen the threat to life below water.
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Статья научная
The present study was aimed investigating the effect of water deficit and chitosan spraying on osmotic adjustment and soluble protein of cultivars castor bean under field condition. experiment was carried out as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that water deficit caused increase a significant (P
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Effects of water stress on rice production: bioavailability of potassium in soil
Статья научная
Water demand in agriculture, municipal, and industrial purposes is increasing rapidly which will pressure on future demand in agriculture. To justify less water use in rice production, we produced rice under different water levels (DWLs) and justified potassium bioavailability. There were five DWLs were employed in this experiment. Besides measuring yield and yield parameters, relative water content (WRC) and chlorophyll content in leaves, soil pH and bioavailability of potassium (K) in soil solution were measured. Yield and yield parameters showed insignificant difference under DWLs. Different water levels did not affect weekly data of chlorophyll content and RWC in leaves. But chlorophyll content and RWC in leaves were significantly higher in week 6 or 9 than week 3. Different water levels did not affect soil pH. Our results suggest that rice can be produced under low water input without affecting yield and yield parameters and K bioavailability in soil.
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Efficiency of priming methods in crop establishment of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Статья научная
The present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of different priming methods on Zingiber officinale Rosc. variety Karthika. Hydropriming was done by immersing the ginger rhizomes in distilled water for varied time durations (6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hour), and for halopriming different concentrations (50mM,100mM, 250mM and 500mM) of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was used for different time durations (6, 12, 18 and 24 hour). The primed plants showed fast germination than unprimed ones. The germination percentage of haloprimed (50 mM NaCl for 24 hour) plants was 89.22% and in hydropriming it was 90.33% (24 hours). But in the case of unprimed (control) plants, the germination percentage was only 55.11%. The present study showed that the optimum time duration for priming in ginger was 24 hours. In halopriming, the growth was highest in 50 mM NaCl for 24 hours. The carbohydrate content and photosynthetic pigment content were highest in primed plants when compared to unprimed plants.When comparing both priming methods, the haloprimed plants showed highest chlorophyll content and carbohydrate content than the hydroprimed ones. But, regarding the yield, hydroprimed plants produced more tillers and thus more yield. Since, ginger is cultivated for mainly for the rhizomes, among the two priming methods investigated, hydropriming was found to be more promising than halopriming in terms of yield.
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![Efficient somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration induced from mature embryo culture under heavy metals stress conditions in a millet crop sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]](/file/thumb/143183772/efficient-somatic-embryogenesis-and-plantlet-regeneration-induced-from-mature.png "Efficient somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration induced from mature embryo culture under heavy metals stress conditions in a millet crop sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]")
Статья научная
The present study aims to establish the somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in Sorghum bicolor ( cv. PAC501) under heavy metals (lead and cadmium) stress conditions. Mature embryos were inoculated in MS-medium containing (10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L, and 100mg/L) of PbSO4 and CdCl2 (10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L, 100mg/L, 150mg/L, and 200mg/L) each with IAA (1.0mg/L), BAP (0.5mg/L), zeatin (0.1mg/L), and proline (0.7mg/L). Significantly, high frequency (87.2±0.21%) of somatic embryogenesis was initially obtained with IAA (1.0mg/L), BAP (0.5mg/L), zeatin (0.1mg/L), and proline (0.7mg/L) while in comparison, 2,4-D (2.5mg/L) along with same concentrations of BAP, zeatin, and proline was proved as relatively less efficient (67.4±0.64%) for somatic embryogenesis. Furthermore, results reveal that sub-culture of embryogenic callus on cytokinins; BAP, Kn, and Zn (0.1mg/L, 0.5mg/L, and 1.0mg/L) of each added regeneration medium, kinetin (0.5mg/L) was recorded as the most effective cytokinin (77.8±0.93%) for plantlets regeneration. Moreover, during heavy metals treatments, the least frequency (2.9±3.32%) of lead tolerant somatic embryos was obtained with PbSO4 (75mg/L) in presence of the same concentrations of IAA, BAP, zeatin, and proline. Significantly, the very low frequency (3.7±0.67%) of lead tolerant plantlets regeneration was recorded with PbSO4 (75mg/L) and Kn (0.5mg/L). In contrast, during CdCl2 stress treatment, the cadmium tolerant somatic embryos (3.1±3.24%) were obtained with CdCl2 (150mg/L) and IAA, BAP, zeatin, and proline. Further, cadmium tolerant plantlets (4.23±2.33%) were also achieved on medium containing kinetin (0.5mg/L) with CdCl2 (100mg/L) indicating that lead proves to be more toxic for somatic embryogenesis and plantlets regeneration than cadmium. Later, the regenerated tolerant plantlets were transferred to pots and gradually acclimatized in greenhouse.
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