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Статья научная
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of hypoxia and subsequent normoxiaon the maintenance of respiratory pigment hemocyanin, total protein, lactate and some ions (Na +, K +, Ca 2+, NH 4+, Mg 2+) in the mantle liquid in palaearctic gastropod species Lymnaea stagnalis. It was shown that short-term experimental hypoxia leads to the activation of the physiological mechanisms of stress adaptation in widespread Palaearctic eurybiotic gastropod species and does not lead to the activation of the stress-resistance mechanisms on the biochemical and molecular levels.
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Статья научная
Wheat is the most important staple food crop in the world. Micronutrients are vital components for balances both growth and development in plants. An experiment was designed in order to survey the effects of manganese sulfate on yield and quality parameters of wheat cultivars in Isfahan in 2017. A split plot layout with a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted. Main plots were manganese sulfate (contains 28% pure manganese) (20, 40 and 60 kg/ha), and sub-plots were winter wheat cultivars (Pishtaz, Shiraz and Marvdasth). Manganese sulfate influence was meaningful on the number of fertile spikes, the number of grains in spike, a thousand grain weight, grain yield, protein and manganese contents of grain. Cultivar had significant influence on number of fertile spikes, a thousand grain weight, grain yield and protein content. The highest values of fertile spike, number of grain, a thousand grain weight, harvest index, grain yield, grain protein and the content of grain manganese was achieved in application of 60 kg manganese sulfate per ha. In addition, the highest number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, grain yield and the content of grain manganese was related to Marvdasht cultivar. On the basis of the results, cultivation of Marvdasht cultivar and application of 60 kg Mn sulfate per ha is recommended for the semi-arid region of Isfahan.
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Статья обзорная
The influence of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria on surviving of winter wheat seedling during low-temperature stress was investigated. It was shown that infiltration of winter wheat seedling by exogenous uncouplers caused the increase of oxygen consumption, seedling's temperature and surviving. Vice verse inhibition of electron transport through the main cytochrome and alternative pathways decreased surviving of winter wheat seedlings during cold stress
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Статья научная
The separate and combined effect of sucrose (12%, 7 days) and low temperature (2 °С, 7 days) on the growth of plants, the content of carbohydrates in the leaves and oxidative activity of mitochondria isolated from them has been studied on the etiolated plants of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). It has been shown that sucrose and low temperature cause inhibition of the growth and increasing of the carbohydrates content. Using the different oxidation substrates (malate, malate + rotenone, succinate, NADH and NADPH) have been identified changes in the mitochondrial oxidative activity and the functioning of alternative oxidase and rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases. It has been determined that activity of the alternative oxidase and “external” rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the mitochondria of etiolated leaves depends on the carbohydrate status of the plant, regardless of the growth temperature.
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Статья научная
The influence of high Cd2+ concentrations on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system function of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale) etiolated shoots. It is shown that etiolated shoots of winter rye with different length dare progressively inhibited by high Cd2+, but wheat seedlings are not inhibited by such way. The rate of lipid peroxidation in the presence of Cd2+ in wheat shoots was lower than in rye shoots. Catalase activity in the presence of Cd2+ in rye shoots was lower than in wheat shoots but peroxidase activity was higher in wheat shoots.
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Статья научная
Experiments for the study of symptoms of the powdery mildew pathogen on wheat leaves showed that induced oxidative stress caused changes in conidial germination and appressorial formation of the wheat powdery mildew fungus. The oxidative stress was brought about by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. It has been shown that prooxidants have a prominent role in regulating fungal development, leading to abnormal conidial germination, thus preventing the fungal penetration into plant cells. Treatment of wheat plants with 5 mM H2O2 and 4 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole resulted in a significant reduction of powdery mildew disease severity compared to the control. In most cases, on samples of infected plant tissues there were anomalies in the elongation of germ tubes and globe-shaped appressoria. From the data which was obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the result of the interaction of powdery mildew fungus with wheat is affected by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to suppression or disruption of the pathological process.
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Статья научная
Article deals γ-radiation doses of 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 Gy, sulfate (Na2SO4, ZnSO4) concentrations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 mM of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L . The dynamics of changes in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA, carbonate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.1) enzyme were studied in the ontogeny of the Ganja-182 cultivar of the species Gossypium hirsutum L. in type of true leaf emergence (LP), budding (BP), flowering (FP) and opening of seed boll phase (OBP). It was determined that chloride and sulfate salts have different effects on CA activity. Thus, CA activity increases at 200 Gy dose of γ-radiation, 100 mM of NaCl, and 200 mM of ZnSO4. It seems that the increase in CA activity in the medium containing ZnSO4 is related to the increase in the demand for CO2 under stress. The obtained results show that radiation and sulfate salts have a more regulatory effect on salt adaptation than other salts in cotton plant.
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The main event in biology of XX century
Ред. заметка
In the article the 60-years history of molecular biology, the central discipline of modern biology: its achievements and problems
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Статья научная
The aim of this research was to investigate the leaf surface microstructure, pigments spectrum, hormones status and lipids composition of halophytes Polygonum maritimum L. and Euphorbia paralias L. that grow under natural conditions on the dunes of Pomorie Lake, (Bulgaria). It was shown that the existence in saline and dry soils provided among others adaptive mechanisms by specific microstructure of leaf. The adaxial and abaxial surfaces of P. maritimum leaves are covered with a dense layer of cuticle wax, stomata are located on the leaf both sides below the cuticle level. In E. paralias the cuticle is also well developed on the adaxial surface of leaf laminas. The epidermis of the leaf lower side is covered with a less dense cuticle layer formed by large wax crystals. This plant has stoma pores only on the abaxial side of small leaves below the cuticle level and they are surrounded with hump-shaped cuticle constructions. A high amount of carotenoids (as compared with that of chlorophylls) in P. maritimum leaves indicates that these pigments have a light-collecting function and could transfer an additional energy to chlorophylls. The high performance liquid chromatography method has been used to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of hormones. It was shown that in leaves of E. paralias and P. maritimum free abscisic (ABA) and conjugated indole-3-acetic (IAA) acids prevailed. A high level of active ABA is correlated with the salt tolerance and ability to survive and grow in stress conditions. A high level of conjugated form of IAA demonstrated that activity of this hormone is limited. The cytokinins qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrated that in E. paralias leaves zeatin forms dominated, and the level of inactive cytokinins ( cis -zeatin and zeatin-O-glucoside) was much higher than that of active ones ( trans -zeatin and zeatin riboside). P. maritinum leaves contained a significant quantity of isopentenyl forms - isopentenyladenine and isopentenyladenosine, and among zeatin forms, zeatin-O-glucoside prevailed. Studies on the fatty acids content showed that in halophytes the salt resistance mechanism is based on the regulation of plasmatic membrane transport function that involves non-saturated fatty acids. The presence of a large amount of saturated fatty acids provides a decrease of membrane permeability and better resistance against soil salinity.
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The olfactory system regulates acute mountain sickness
Статья научная
OBJECTIVE: Hyperventilation is the first response to hypoxia in high altitude (HA). Our study on rats was designed to establish an integrated hypothesis to include hyperventilation, increased activity of hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) in response to initial exposure to hypoxia and failure of adaptation to stress in olfactory bulbectomised rats.. METHODS: Albino rats whose olfactory lobes were removed were subjected to hypoxia and hypothermic conditions. Blood and urine samples were collected at various stages to measure biochemical parameters. Rats whose olfactory systems were intact were used as controls. RESULTS: The results suggested that the olfactory system regulated pituitary function and that in rats whose olfactory lobes were removed failed to adapt to the stress created by hypoxia and hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS: Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) is a type of stress. Normal rats when subjected to stress such as AMS are able to adapt. This adaptation is lost when the olfactory bulbs are removed. It is postulated that serotonin receptors in the hypothalamus, through the splanchnic pathway regulate stress. This mechanism is independent of ACTH - Cortisol feed back system. Perhaps irregular and rapid respiratory rhythm simulates physiological Olfactory Bulbectomy during rapid climbing and AMS manifests as a failure of stress adaptation.
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Статья научная
The aim of the current study was to determine the characteristics of the stress response in endemic species Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebb., 1899) in comparison with other Baikal amphipods under short term thermal stress. It were shown the changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes, and lactate dehydrogenase correlated with content of lactate under the influence of gradual temperature increase. While the changes of cellular stress - markers content or their activity in other Baikal species occurred beyond the thermal preference zone, the cellular stress - markers content or their activity in G. fasciatus associated with entrance into the thermal preference zone. Thus we concluded that the relict endemic species G. fasciatus has a different stress resistance mechanism to elevated temperature than other Baikal amphipods species.
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Статья научная
Performance of lowland rice grown on anaerobic wetland soil is greatly affected by iron toxicity disorder in Nigeria. Better nutrient management and cultivation of resistant varieties have been recommended as strategy to manage this nutrient disorder. Information on intraspecific lowland NERICA cultivars grown on iron toxic soil augmented with compost is scanty. Therefore, the effect of different rates of compost on growth, dry matter and grain yield of lowland NERICA cultivars grown on iron toxic soil was investigated. A greenhouse experiment comprising of three (two NERICAs and ITA 212) lowland rice cultivars and four varying rates of compost arranged in completely randomized design with six replicates was conducted in greenhouse of Botany Department, University of Ibadan. Data collected on growth and yield parameters were analysed using ANOVA and LSD at P≤ 0.05. Correlation and simple linear regression were used to establish relationship between growth and iron toxicity scores. Results showed that iron toxicity significantly (p≤0.05) reduced growth and yield of lowland rice. Growth and grain yield of NERICA cultivars were significantly better (P ≤0.05) on soil augmented with compost than control. Grain yield was significantly related to the number of leaves affected by iron toxicity. Cultivating lowland NERICA-L-1 on iron toxic soil augmented with 8t ha -1of compost will enhance better growth, dry matter characteristics and increase lowland NERICA grain yield.
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The relationship among metabolic rate of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) under cold acclimation
Статья научная
Many small mammals inhabiting cold environments display enhanced capacity for seasonal changes in nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and thermoregulatory maximum metabolic rate (MMR). However, it is not known how this plasticity remains in a mammal that rarely experiences extreme cold fluctuations. In order to answer this question, we determined body mass (Mb), basal metabolic rate (BMR), NST, and MMR on a tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri), acclimated to cold (5 ºC) conditions. NST was measured as the maximum response of metabolic rate (NSTmax) after injection of norepinephrine (NE) in thermoneutrality minus BMR. Maximum metabolic rate was assessed in animals exposed to enhanced heat-loss atmosphere (He-O2) connected with an open-flow respirometer. Body mass and metabolic variables increased significantly after cold acclimation with respect to control group but to a high extent (BMR, 87.97%; NST, 69.77%; and MMR, 32.35%). However, aerobic scope (MMR/BMR), and calculated shivering thermogenesis (ST) did not significantly change with control group. Our data suggest: 1). The body mass and the capacity of heat production in the cold acclimated group were higher; 2). The increase of BMR and MMR during cold acclimation was the main pattern of heat production in the tree shrews.
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Статья научная
Salinity is one of the most significant abiotic factors affecting growth and yield of cowpea in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Nineteen cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) genotypes were tested during germination and seedling stages of growth at 4 NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 200mM). The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD) in factorial combination with three replications. Data analysis was carried out using SAS (version 9.1) statistical software. Germination percentage (GP), seedling shoot and root traits were evaluated. The analyzed data revealed highly significant (p
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The response strategy of maize, pea and broad bean plants to different osmotic potential stress
Статья научная
This investigation was conducted to study the tolerance strategy of maize, broad bean and pea plants to salinity stress with exogenous applications of proline or phenylalanine on seed germination and seedlings growth. From the results obtained, it can be observed that osmotic stress affected adversely the rate of germination in maize, broad bean and pea plants. The excessive inhibition was more prominent at higher concentration of NaCl. The seeds and grains tested were exhibited some differential responses to salinity, in a manner that the inhibitory effect of salinity on seed germination ran in the order, maize higher than broad bean and the later was higher than pea plant. Treatment with proline or phenylalanine (100 ppm) significantly increased these seed germination and seedlings growth characteristics even at lowest salinity level tested.
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Статья научная
In this study, physiological and biochemical responses of ( Pancratium maritimum L.), desert plant which is very widespread on coastal sand dunes to drought were determined. Therefore 28 days (d) old plants were drought stressed by withholding water for 5 and 10 days. The changes in relative growth rate (RGR), relative water content (RWC) lipid peroxidation, and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes activity ((ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR, EC 1.6.5.4)) were investigated. Relative growth rate, relative water content were both decreased on the 5 and 10d of stress treatment while it was higher on the 10d. MDA content increased on the 10d while it did not change on the 5d. On the other hand, activities of APX, GR, MDAR and DHAR increased on the 5d but were not change on the 10d. These results suggest that ascorbate – glutathione cycle enzymes were efficient to prevent from oxidative damage under short term of drought stress in ( Pancratium maritimum L.) plants.
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The role of amino acids in improvement in salt tolerance of crop plants
Статья научная
The present work has been performed to study the growth and metabolic activities of maize and broad bean plants which are shown to have a degree of sensitivity to salinity and to determine the role of amino acids proline or phenylalanine in increasing the salt tolerance of theses plants. Dry mass, water content, leaf area and photosynthetic pigment of maize and broad bean plants decreased with increasing salinity. These changes were accompanied with a drop in the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins and amino acids. This was accompanied by a marked increase in the proline content. When maize and broad bean plants sprayed with proline or phenylalanine the opposite effect was occurred, saccharides as well as proteins progressively increased at all sanitization levels and proline concentration significantly declined. Salinity significantly increased the sodium content in both shoots and roots of maize and broad bean plants, while a decline in the accumulation of K+, Ca++, Mg++ and P was observed. Amino acids treatments markedly altered the selectivity of Na+, K+, Ca++ and P in both maize and broad bean plants. Spraying with any of either proline or phenylalanine restricted Na+ uptake and enhanced the uptake of K+, K+/Na+ ratio, Ca++ and P selectivity in maize and broad bean plants.
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The role of endophytic microorganisms of medicinal plants in the adaptation of host plants
Статья научная
Cultures of microorganisms were isolated from endosphere of Lake Baikal littoral zone plants: Veronica chamaedrys L., Alchemilla subscrenata Buser, Achillea asiatica Serg., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Plantago major L. Morphology and biochemical properties of isolated bacteria were studied. For the majority of the endophytic bacterial cultures cellulolitic and proteolytic activity has been shown, which necessary for the effective colonization of plant tissue. For many cultures revealed ability in varying degrees to form a biofilm to improve survival in a vegetative organism. Their potencial role in adaptation of plant-hosts under conditions of climat Baikal region was shown. In particular, 9 of cultures demonstrated ability to act as nitrogen retainer. The vast majority of bacterial cultures did not have phytotoxicity or demonstrated its low level, reflecting and minimum negative effects of them on plant. Moreover, culture with encryption P3, isolated from Plantago major in August, showed a stimulatory effect in experiments on phytotoxicity. This same culture possessed the highest ability to secrete sugars as at +26°С and at +4°С.
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Статья научная
The relationship between energetic parameters and content of stress proteins (alternative oxidase, uncoupling protein and HSP70) in wild grass Elymus sibiricusmitochondria during different stress exposure (cold hardening, cold shock, high-temperature stress, water deficiency and oxidative stress) has been studied. It has been shown that influence of mild stress factors (cold hardening and exogenous 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide treatment) result in adaptive changes related to the increase of activity alternative oxidase and the increase of content such proteins as alternative oxidase, uncoupling protein and HSP70. The comparative analysis of the function of the cultured and wild plants mitochondria in stress conditions has been produced.
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