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Статья научная
Osmotic stress associated with drought, and salinity is a serious problem that inhibits the growth of plants, mainly due to disturbance of the balance between production of ROS and antioxidant defense and causing oxidative stress. The results obtained in the last few years strongly prove that salicylic acid could be a very promising and protective compound for the reduction of biotic and abiotic stresses in sensitive of crops, because under certain conditions, it has been found to mitigate the damaging effects of various stress factors in plants. In this research, salicylic acid was used in control, and drought stressed plants, and the role of this compound in reduction of oxidative damages in Nigella plant was investigated. Data presented in this study indicated that SA application through the root medium brought on the increased levels of drought tolerance in black cumin seedlings. Plants pre-treated with SA exhibited slight injury symptoms whereas those that were not pre-treated with SA had moderate damage and lost considerable portions of their foliage. SA very profoundly inducing the activity of CAT, APX and GPX in plants, which led to reduction in H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and LOX activity so it seems that the application of SA greatly improves the dehydration tolerance through elevated activities of antioxidant systems or may be the expression of genes encoding some ROS-scavenging enzymes under drought stress, which would maintain the redox homeostasis and integrity of cellular components.
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Salicylic acid-induced biochemical changes in Swarna (MTU 7029) variety of rice under drought stress
Статья научная
The major population of the world is dependent on rice for food. Global warming creates drought conditions mostly in north eastern countries. It is a very challenging task to cultivate drought-sensitive variety in drought-prone areas. To overcome this problem we induced changes in the drought-sensitive variety of rice (Swarna MTU 7029) for drought tolerance. Drought condition was exposed for 7 days and 14 days to SA treated and untreated 56 days old rice plants. Rice seeds were presoaked with 0.5mM SA. The experiment was designed in four groups control (untreated), drought -SA, drought +SA, and SA control. On the 7th and 14th of drought stress, SA improved drought tolerance indicator proline, carotenoid, and total soluble sugar. Starch and protein content were augmented in salicylic acid-treated plants compared to untreated rice plants under drought stress. Antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, and APX levels drastically increased in salicylic acid-treated plants during both 7th and 14th days of drought stress. Therefore, salicylic acid improved antioxidative enzymes content in MTU 7029 rice variety after 7 and 14 days of drought stress.
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Статья научная
Vitamins are the functional components of various enzyme-regulated biochemical reactions occurring to create energy. Vitamin contents of plants are known to show altered metabolism under the influence of salinity. Not much of work has been done on the influence of salinity on the vitamin content in higher plants. Present study was carried out to study the influence of NaCl salinity on vitamin content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea. Spinacia oleracea plants were grown in earthen pots and were subjected to different concentrations of saline water (NaCl) treatment. Control plants were irrigated with tap water. Treatments started after the seedling emergence and continued till the plants were 45 day old. Mature leaves of these plants were harvested and used for studies. Thiamine and riboflavin content were found to increase with increase in NaCl concentration, however, β-carotene was found to decrease with increasing level of NaCl in the growth medium.
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Salinity stress adaptation in finger millet - a mini review
Статья обзорная
Abiotic stressors like salt and drought are two examples that may harm crop production. Therefore, increasing production and creating stress-tolerant cultivars requires crop innovation in response to these stresses. Whole genome sequence (WGS) data releases are used for crop trait development. Tolerance to abiotic stress cannot be induced through single-gene engineering transformation. Plants like finger millet can be mined for undiscovered genes because they already have the gene in their genomes, but it is dormant. Therefore, abiotic stress-tolerant genes can be expressed in the same plant by RNA sequencing and transcriptomics by creating abiotic stress for agricultural development. New genes can have their profiles refined with the aid of this transcriptome research.
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Salinity stress effects changed during Aloe vera L. vegetative growth
Статья научная
Salt stress is a limiting factor of plant growth and yield, and becoming a serious problem in the world so in reason to determine salinity effect on aloe growth experiment was conducted in a greenhouse as a bi-factorial in completely randomized experimental design with three replications. Aloe plants irrigated with nutrient solution containing different level of NaCl (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ms) on December and harvesting took place three time with one month interval on January, February and March. Results revealed that salinity affected number of leaf, plant height, number of sprout, root weight, plant weight, leaf weight, total gel weight, and root dry weight. Variance analysis also showed that sampling time relieves significant effect on number of leaf, plant height, and root length, number of sprout, root weight, plant weight, leaf weight and total gel weight. All measured characteristics were highest for control. Interaction between salinity and sampling time on plant height, plant weight, leaf weight and total gel weight showed that these traits decreased in all salinity levels when sampled 30 days after transplanting and the lowest value was related to highest salinity. This result was similar 60 and 90 days after transplanting. Interaction between salinity and sampling time on root length showed that the highest root length was obtained in 2 and 4 ms salinity level when sampled 30 days after transplanting. However all salinity levels also decreased root length 90 days after transplanting.
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Статья научная
Background : Salinity stress usually imposes adverse effects on plant systems, but the severity depends upon plant species, growth status and genotype, nutritional and environmental conditions etc. Present study analyses salinity effects on growth and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings to work out the mechanism. Results : Supply of 10-200 mM NaCl with 10 mM KNO 3 for 24 h in continuous light reduced the overall growth of the bean seedlings, with perfect -ve correlation for seedling weight, root length and shoot length. Salinity effect with 10 mM NH 4Cl was lesser and with 10 mM NH 4NO 3 was intermediary. NaCl treatment with 10 mM KNO 3 reduced the fresh wt of the root as well as shoot tissue but increased in vivo NRA exerting strong correlation and more prominent effect in the root tissue. Very high NaCl concentration prominently increased NRA at 1, 10 and 50 mM KNO 3 showing inverse gradation in effect. Salt treatment with NH 4NO 3, reduced the in vivo NRA of the root tissue, but the stress parameters, like proline and peroxidase were increased. Conclusions : The salinity stress effects on NRA are less severe with NH 4+, more prominent for root and more effective at low NO 3- concentration. Inverse correlation between decrease in fresh mass and increase in NRA with salinity suggests the involvement of NR in the synthesis of nitric oxide and the observed effect of stress is the balance of two factors reduced assimilatory effect and increased nitric oxide stress.
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Salt Stress Induced Plant Physio-biochemical and Molecular Responses: A Review
Статья научная
Salt stress-induced limitation in crop growth and produce is a critical problem worldwide. The prerequisite to developing salt-tolerant plants of commercial importance is understanding the plant responses to salinity exposure at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels, integrating various approaches to understanding underlying salt tolerance mechanisms, and utilizing naturally occurring genetic resources available for salt tolerance. In this review, plant responses and associated salt tolerance, at physiological and biochemical levels through ion homeostasis, osmolyte accumulation, hormonal regulation, antioxidant responses, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signaling and molecular responses through transcription factors, different gene expressions, non-coding RNA production, and epigenetic modifications are presented.
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Salt stress responses on protein profile in Vigna unguiculata L
Статья научная
The present study was aimed to elucidate the salt tolerant, salt inducible and salt sensitive protein of the Vigna unguiculataby Sodium Deodyl Sulphate - Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. of Vigna unguiculataexposed to different environmental conditions exhibited a plethora of physio-chemical responses. The seedlings treated with various concentrations of Naat third day showed maximum of 85 bands, with nine active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.012 to 0.891. The seedlings treated with same experimental set up at fifth day showed maximum number of 63 bands with eight active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.108 to 0.891. On 5thday seedlings showed the isoperoxidase expression with various sizes of bands. The soluble protein showed a gradual increase during the initial stage and after fifth day there was gradual decrease in their content.
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Salt tolerance evaluation in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) using RAPD marker
Статья научная
The aim of this study was to evaluate four upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) [Niab78 (N78), Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22), Deltapine50 (DP50) and Aleppo118 (A118)] varieties towards salt stress (0 and 200 mM NaCl) for 7 weeks based on RAPD marker. Our data showed that the highest total polymorphic bands identified by the 26 RAPD tested primers were 150 bands generated by N78 variety, while the lowest ones were recorded for DP50 (29 bands). Otherwise, unique (negative and positive) markers characterized the two tolerant varieties (N78 and DE22) were 22 and 29 markers, respectively. Our data indicated that the highest polymorphism level was detected in N78 variety (68.5%) followed by DE22 (60.9%), whereas, the lowest one was recorded for DP50 (21.3%). Our data obtained herein indicates that RAPD marker provided molecular markers for salinity tolerance screening in early stage in genetic improvement programs.
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Статья обзорная
Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances (including mineral toxicities and deficiencies) and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Development of crop plants with stress tolerance, however, requires, among others, knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and genetic controls of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. In the past 2 decades, biotechnology research has provided considerable insights into the mechanism of biotic stress tolerance in plants at the molecular level. Furthermore, different abiotic stress factors may provoke osmotic stress, oxidative stress and protein denaturation in plants, which lead to similar cellular adaptive responses such as accumulation of compatible solutes, induction of stress proteins, and acceleration of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. Recently, the authores try to improve plant tolerance to salinity injury through either chemical treatments (plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines and vitamins) or biofertilizers treatments (Asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhiza) or enhanced a process used naturally by plants to minimise the movement of Na+ to the shoot, using genetic modification to amplify the process, helping plants to do what they already do - but to do it much better."
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Salt-induced changes in germination and vegetative stages of Anethum graveolens L
Статья научная
The aim of this experiment was to determine the response of dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) to salt stress during germination and vegetative stages. In the first stage, response of dill seeds germination to levels of salinity (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM) was investigated. In the second stage, influence of salt stress on physiological and biochemical parameters in dill seedlings were investigated. Results showed germination rate and percentage, radical, plumule length and dry weight decreased significantly with the increase of salinity levels. Effect of salt stress on amount of chlorophyll a, b and total was significant. Results indicated that, amount of proline, total soluble carbohydrates and proteins and catalase (CAT) activity in shoots and roots significantly increased with the increase of salinity. These results showed that dill maintained higher carbohydrates, proteins, proline and activity of CAT under salt stress and these traits could have partially to its salt tolerance.
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Статья научная
Spot blotch (SB) caused by the fungus Cochliobolus sativus, is a devastating disease of barley that causes significant yield losses worldwide. Development of resistant cultivars is generally considered difficult, therefore, in this work; doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from crossing common cultivars currently used in Europe and West Asia were tested for reaction to C. sativus. Following field experiments 40 lines were evaluated under artificial infection conditions during two consecutive seasons. Results demonstrated significant differences among barley lines with a broad spectrum of disease responses ranging from highly susceptible to highly resistant, which were consistent in both seasons. However, seven promising lines had slightly lower SB disease than the others. On the other hand, positive correlation (r=0.80, P=0.01) between SB and common root rot (CRR; caused also by C. sativus) was found when these highly resistant DH lines were inoculated by the same virulent pathotype Pt4, which could suggest that resistance to C. sativus in the sub-crown internodes and leaves might involve similar defence mechanisms. The newly identified DH resistance lines can be potential donors for ongoing SB and CRR resistance breeding program to generate high-yielding commercial barley cultivars.
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Screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) germplasm for drought stress
Статья научная
Common bean is a species having high nutritional composition. Drought response in plants is complex phenomenon relating interactions between structure, functions and development of the plant. The Improvement of drought resistant for common bean has major objectives for many breeding programs. The growth of the plant, related to the parameter plays a vital role in the selection criteria for drought resistance. The increasing drought tolerance in commercial varieties is highly desirable. 20 varieties of common bean leaves were collected, it is subjected in vitro water stress with 10% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). The parameters are determined as a relative water content (RWC), seedling root length, leaf area, stomatal index, wax and proline. The result points out that these varieties responded differently during the drought stress. Tolerant and Susceptible comes under the varieties that are categorized which are based on RWC. The tolerant varieties maintain a high water content. Generally, the tolerant varieties are higher in seedling root length, leaf area, stomatal index, wax than the susceptible varieties. The proline accumulations are higher in susceptible varieties when compared to the tolerant varieties. A significant correlation was observed from the above parameters. The results are discussed with reference to the plant’s response during drought.
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Статья научная
In the present study the salinity stress, antioxidant enzyme and antimicrobial activities of leaf extract of Avicennia marina were investigated. As visualized from SDS-PAGE, no differences was found in number of protein band, but the intensities of several protein bands having apparent molecular mass by reduced severely in salt treated samples with enhanced activities of CAT, POX and GPX. Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Staphylococus aureus (ATCC 6538), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633) and fungus ( Candida albicans ATCC 2091, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) were used as the test pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively in this study. The Avicennia marina extract possessed antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis (12, 6, and 7 mm respectively), with antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (9 and 10 mm).
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Статья научная
We study leafs of five plant species, growing in Irkutsk city and on the southeastern shore of Lake Baikal. These species are Achillea asiatica Serg., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Plantago major L., Veronica chamaedrys L. and Alchemilla subcrenata Buser. In its leafs we identify some types of stress-induced proteins. In autumn, the accumulation of stress proteins in leafs of plants both from shores of Lake Baikal and from Irkutsk have been registered.
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Seasonal variation and innate immune responses of spleen in fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator
Статья научная
Innate immunity provides first line defense in all animals against pathogens and parasites. There is seasonal variation in pathogen prevalence and disease because of the seasonal lifecycle of the parasite and due to annual variation in the infectivity of pathogens. Organisms face seasonal stress by regulating their internal physiology, i.e. by secreting hormones. Melatonin and sex steroids contribute to the seasonal redistribution of immunological activity including winter-time up-regulation of some immune responses, and reproduction-related immunosuppression. Present study aims to understand seasonal variation in splenocyte innate immune response in the fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator. Reptiles represent the pivotal phylogenic group as they were the ancestor of both birds and mammals and they are the only ectothermic amniotes providing the key link between ectothermic anamniotic fishes and amphibians, and endothermic amniotic birds and mammals; a greater study of reptilian innate immune response will provide important insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrate immunity. Animals were mildly anaesthetized and the spleen was isolated aseptically. Spleen was used for calculating splenosomatic index, cellularity and macrophage phagocytosis. Spleen size has a trend to be high in autumn and winter months and low in spring and summer, though data were not significant. Spleen cellularity was recorded high in winter months and again in September; while it remained low during rest of the year. No definite pattern was observed in phagocytosis by splenic macrophages. The percent phagocytosis varied between 42 to 60 %, being highest in month of February. It is concluded that seasonal variation in splenocyte immune response provides a mechanism that suites best to the organism and which might coincide with the pathogen prevalence. Seasonal cycle of immune response is helpful in understanding the disease processes in animals and the direct implication of this study could be utilized for the endangered species living in captivity.
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Статья научная
Seasonal variations in the physiological processes help animal to adapt to the environmental condition, however, informations on this subject in reptiles are scarce. In the present study, garden lizards ( Calotes versicolor ) were used to study the annual variation in blood immune responses and changes in the lymphoid organs. The lizards were weighed, anaesthetized under mild anesthesia and blood was collected in heparinized syringe. Blood was then processed for determining total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (Slide assay) for assessment of reactive oxygen production by leucocytes. For histomorphological studies, spleen, thymus and testes were excised rapidly, cleaned and weighed and their weight was transformed to thymosomatic, splenosomatic and gonadosomatic indices respectively. Total leucocyte count did not change significantly, however, differential leucocyte count varied during different seasons. Thymosomatic index was lesser in summer and rainy months. Splenosomatic index started increasing from May and remained high up to August (the hot and humid months of the year and reproductively active months). Gonadosomatic index was low from September to March. It started increasing from April and remained at highest level from May to August. Environmental factors play an important role in body physiology, oxidation, and intermediary metabolism and gonadal activity of all the vertebrates, including reptiles. The annual variation in physiology is pivotal to help animals cope with seasonal stressors.
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Статья научная
Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus chevrieri are typical species of small mammals inhabiting in Hengduan mountains region. The characteristics of thermoregulation and thermogenesis of two mammals were measured to search their physiological and ecological characteristics of adaptations to this region in different seasons. All results indicated: the body weight of E. miletus and A. chevrieri in summer was separately 47.29±0.73g, 32.74±0.54g, and their body weight in winter was separately 39.28±0.61g, 31.70±0.76g; the thermal neutral zones(TNZ) of E. miletus and A. chevrieri in summer were separately 25～32.5 oC and 25～30 oC, and their TNZ in winter were all of 22.5～27.5oC; their basal metabolic rates(BMR) in summer were respectively 3.76± 0.07ml O2/g.h, 4.58±0.09mlO2/g.h, and their BMR in winter were respectively 4.46±0.04mlO2/g.h, 5.23±0.01mlO2/g.h; their maximum nonoshivering thermogenesis(NST) in summer was respectively 5.70±0.18mlO2/g.h, 7.12±0.31mlO2/g.h, and their NST in winter was respectively 6.67±0.05mlO2/g.h, 7.42±0.04mlO2/g.h; their NST scope(NST/BMR) in summer was separately 1.52±0.05, 1.46±0.04, and their NST scope in winter was separately 1.49±0.01, 1.42±0.01. Their thermogenic characteristics and thermoregulatory styles possibly reflected features of small rodents in Hengduan mountains region which have lower body temperatures and NST scope, higher BMR, Cm and NSTand could keep their body temperatures stable in narrower ambient temperatures comparing with other rodents. Body temperature, Cm BMR and NST of A. chevrieri were higher than these of E. miletus. A. chevrieri could keep body temperature stable in a wider range of ambient temperatures than E. miletus. NST scope of E. miletus was higher than it of A. chevrieri. Their TNZ and the ambient temperature range in which they could keep C stable in winter were narrower than these indexes in summer. The body temperature and body weight in winter were lower comparing with the summer. The BMR, F-value and NSTmax in winter were significantly higher than the summer. The TNZ in winter was shifted to the lower ambient temperature comparing with the summer.
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Seed biology and pharmacological benefits of fennel, lavender, thyme and Echinacea species
Статья обзорная
Medicinal and aromatic plants are gaining more importance because of their potential application in food, pharmaceutical and fragrance industry. Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used in cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceuticals and food flavoring since ancient times, because of the presence of essential oils and different components. The keyword searches for Fennel, Lavender, Thyme, Echinacea , Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science and seed anatomy were performed by using Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of seeds of important medicinal plants. The seeds of medicinal and aromatic plants are stores of important and active secondary metabolites that have been economically and commercially beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The seeds of fennel are highly nutritious, and the seeds contain different minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The seeds are helpful in weight loss and cancer prevention. They can also improve digestive health, regulate blood pressure, improve skin appearance, and promotes lactation. The main chemical components of lavender are linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-ocimene, camphor and terpinen-4-ol. The lavender essential oil has anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antinociceptive activities. The main components of thyme are p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol. Thyme can help to improve eyesight, and it has high anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The main compounds of Echinacea species are chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, cynarin, echinacoside and cichoric acid. Seeds of these medicinal plants are of immense economic and biological importance, and they contain high oil, protein and starch reserves with notable pharmaceutical benefits.
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Статья научная
The study aimed was to determine the effects of drought stress (0, -4, -8, -12 bar) and osmo-priming (-15 bar PEG 6000 for 15 at 24 h) on seed germination, seedling growth and enzyme activity at different temperatures were assessed in the laboratory for wheat. Results showed that the highest germination percentage (GP) (94.33%), normal seedling percentage (NSP) (92%), germination index (GI) (44.85) and seedling length (11.03 cm) were attained from osmo-priming in control conditions. Therefore, seed priming with PEG 6000 significantly (p≤ 0.01) increased germination characteristics as compared to the unprimed seeds under drought stress. Also, osmo-priming increased catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as compared to the unprimed.
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