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Salt stress responses on protein profile in Vigna unguiculata L
Статья научная
The present study was aimed to elucidate the salt tolerant, salt inducible and salt sensitive protein of the Vigna unguiculataby Sodium Deodyl Sulphate - Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. of Vigna unguiculataexposed to different environmental conditions exhibited a plethora of physio-chemical responses. The seedlings treated with various concentrations of Naat third day showed maximum of 85 bands, with nine active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.012 to 0.891. The seedlings treated with same experimental set up at fifth day showed maximum number of 63 bands with eight active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.108 to 0.891. On 5thday seedlings showed the isoperoxidase expression with various sizes of bands. The soluble protein showed a gradual increase during the initial stage and after fifth day there was gradual decrease in their content.
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Salt tolerance evaluation in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) using RAPD marker
Статья научная
The aim of this study was to evaluate four upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) [Niab78 (N78), Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22), Deltapine50 (DP50) and Aleppo118 (A118)] varieties towards salt stress (0 and 200 mM NaCl) for 7 weeks based on RAPD marker. Our data showed that the highest total polymorphic bands identified by the 26 RAPD tested primers were 150 bands generated by N78 variety, while the lowest ones were recorded for DP50 (29 bands). Otherwise, unique (negative and positive) markers characterized the two tolerant varieties (N78 and DE22) were 22 and 29 markers, respectively. Our data indicated that the highest polymorphism level was detected in N78 variety (68.5%) followed by DE22 (60.9%), whereas, the lowest one was recorded for DP50 (21.3%). Our data obtained herein indicates that RAPD marker provided molecular markers for salinity tolerance screening in early stage in genetic improvement programs.
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Статья обзорная
Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances (including mineral toxicities and deficiencies) and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Development of crop plants with stress tolerance, however, requires, among others, knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and genetic controls of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. In the past 2 decades, biotechnology research has provided considerable insights into the mechanism of biotic stress tolerance in plants at the molecular level. Furthermore, different abiotic stress factors may provoke osmotic stress, oxidative stress and protein denaturation in plants, which lead to similar cellular adaptive responses such as accumulation of compatible solutes, induction of stress proteins, and acceleration of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. Recently, the authores try to improve plant tolerance to salinity injury through either chemical treatments (plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines and vitamins) or biofertilizers treatments (Asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhiza) or enhanced a process used naturally by plants to minimise the movement of Na+ to the shoot, using genetic modification to amplify the process, helping plants to do what they already do - but to do it much better."
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Salt-induced changes in germination and vegetative stages of Anethum graveolens L
Статья научная
The aim of this experiment was to determine the response of dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) to salt stress during germination and vegetative stages. In the first stage, response of dill seeds germination to levels of salinity (0, 50, 75 and 100 mM) was investigated. In the second stage, influence of salt stress on physiological and biochemical parameters in dill seedlings were investigated. Results showed germination rate and percentage, radical, plumule length and dry weight decreased significantly with the increase of salinity levels. Effect of salt stress on amount of chlorophyll a, b and total was significant. Results indicated that, amount of proline, total soluble carbohydrates and proteins and catalase (CAT) activity in shoots and roots significantly increased with the increase of salinity. These results showed that dill maintained higher carbohydrates, proteins, proline and activity of CAT under salt stress and these traits could have partially to its salt tolerance.
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Статья научная
Spot blotch (SB) caused by the fungus Cochliobolus sativus, is a devastating disease of barley that causes significant yield losses worldwide. Development of resistant cultivars is generally considered difficult, therefore, in this work; doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from crossing common cultivars currently used in Europe and West Asia were tested for reaction to C. sativus. Following field experiments 40 lines were evaluated under artificial infection conditions during two consecutive seasons. Results demonstrated significant differences among barley lines with a broad spectrum of disease responses ranging from highly susceptible to highly resistant, which were consistent in both seasons. However, seven promising lines had slightly lower SB disease than the others. On the other hand, positive correlation (r=0.80, P=0.01) between SB and common root rot (CRR; caused also by C. sativus) was found when these highly resistant DH lines were inoculated by the same virulent pathotype Pt4, which could suggest that resistance to C. sativus in the sub-crown internodes and leaves might involve similar defence mechanisms. The newly identified DH resistance lines can be potential donors for ongoing SB and CRR resistance breeding program to generate high-yielding commercial barley cultivars.
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Screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) germplasm for drought stress
Статья научная
Common bean is a species having high nutritional composition. Drought response in plants is complex phenomenon relating interactions between structure, functions and development of the plant. The Improvement of drought resistant for common bean has major objectives for many breeding programs. The growth of the plant, related to the parameter plays a vital role in the selection criteria for drought resistance. The increasing drought tolerance in commercial varieties is highly desirable. 20 varieties of common bean leaves were collected, it is subjected in vitro water stress with 10% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). The parameters are determined as a relative water content (RWC), seedling root length, leaf area, stomatal index, wax and proline. The result points out that these varieties responded differently during the drought stress. Tolerant and Susceptible comes under the varieties that are categorized which are based on RWC. The tolerant varieties maintain a high water content. Generally, the tolerant varieties are higher in seedling root length, leaf area, stomatal index, wax than the susceptible varieties. The proline accumulations are higher in susceptible varieties when compared to the tolerant varieties. A significant correlation was observed from the above parameters. The results are discussed with reference to the plant’s response during drought.
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Статья научная
In the present study the salinity stress, antioxidant enzyme and antimicrobial activities of leaf extract of Avicennia marina were investigated. As visualized from SDS-PAGE, no differences was found in number of protein band, but the intensities of several protein bands having apparent molecular mass by reduced severely in salt treated samples with enhanced activities of CAT, POX and GPX. Escherichia coli (ATCC8739), Staphylococus aureus (ATCC 6538), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC6633) and fungus ( Candida albicans ATCC 2091, and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404) were used as the test pathogenic bacteria and fungi, respectively in this study. The Avicennia marina extract possessed antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis (12, 6, and 7 mm respectively), with antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (9 and 10 mm).
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Статья научная
We study leafs of five plant species, growing in Irkutsk city and on the southeastern shore of Lake Baikal. These species are Achillea asiatica Serg., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Plantago major L., Veronica chamaedrys L. and Alchemilla subcrenata Buser. In its leafs we identify some types of stress-induced proteins. In autumn, the accumulation of stress proteins in leafs of plants both from shores of Lake Baikal and from Irkutsk have been registered.
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Seasonal variation and innate immune responses of spleen in fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator
Статья научная
Innate immunity provides first line defense in all animals against pathogens and parasites. There is seasonal variation in pathogen prevalence and disease because of the seasonal lifecycle of the parasite and due to annual variation in the infectivity of pathogens. Organisms face seasonal stress by regulating their internal physiology, i.e. by secreting hormones. Melatonin and sex steroids contribute to the seasonal redistribution of immunological activity including winter-time up-regulation of some immune responses, and reproduction-related immunosuppression. Present study aims to understand seasonal variation in splenocyte innate immune response in the fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator. Reptiles represent the pivotal phylogenic group as they were the ancestor of both birds and mammals and they are the only ectothermic amniotes providing the key link between ectothermic anamniotic fishes and amphibians, and endothermic amniotic birds and mammals; a greater study of reptilian innate immune response will provide important insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrate immunity. Animals were mildly anaesthetized and the spleen was isolated aseptically. Spleen was used for calculating splenosomatic index, cellularity and macrophage phagocytosis. Spleen size has a trend to be high in autumn and winter months and low in spring and summer, though data were not significant. Spleen cellularity was recorded high in winter months and again in September; while it remained low during rest of the year. No definite pattern was observed in phagocytosis by splenic macrophages. The percent phagocytosis varied between 42 to 60 %, being highest in month of February. It is concluded that seasonal variation in splenocyte immune response provides a mechanism that suites best to the organism and which might coincide with the pathogen prevalence. Seasonal cycle of immune response is helpful in understanding the disease processes in animals and the direct implication of this study could be utilized for the endangered species living in captivity.
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Статья научная
Seasonal variations in the physiological processes help animal to adapt to the environmental condition, however, informations on this subject in reptiles are scarce. In the present study, garden lizards ( Calotes versicolor ) were used to study the annual variation in blood immune responses and changes in the lymphoid organs. The lizards were weighed, anaesthetized under mild anesthesia and blood was collected in heparinized syringe. Blood was then processed for determining total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (Slide assay) for assessment of reactive oxygen production by leucocytes. For histomorphological studies, spleen, thymus and testes were excised rapidly, cleaned and weighed and their weight was transformed to thymosomatic, splenosomatic and gonadosomatic indices respectively. Total leucocyte count did not change significantly, however, differential leucocyte count varied during different seasons. Thymosomatic index was lesser in summer and rainy months. Splenosomatic index started increasing from May and remained high up to August (the hot and humid months of the year and reproductively active months). Gonadosomatic index was low from September to March. It started increasing from April and remained at highest level from May to August. Environmental factors play an important role in body physiology, oxidation, and intermediary metabolism and gonadal activity of all the vertebrates, including reptiles. The annual variation in physiology is pivotal to help animals cope with seasonal stressors.
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Статья научная
Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus chevrieri are typical species of small mammals inhabiting in Hengduan mountains region. The characteristics of thermoregulation and thermogenesis of two mammals were measured to search their physiological and ecological characteristics of adaptations to this region in different seasons. All results indicated: the body weight of E. miletus and A. chevrieri in summer was separately 47.29±0.73g, 32.74±0.54g, and their body weight in winter was separately 39.28±0.61g, 31.70±0.76g; the thermal neutral zones(TNZ) of E. miletus and A. chevrieri in summer were separately 25～32.5 oC and 25～30 oC, and their TNZ in winter were all of 22.5～27.5oC; their basal metabolic rates(BMR) in summer were respectively 3.76± 0.07ml O2/g.h, 4.58±0.09mlO2/g.h, and their BMR in winter were respectively 4.46±0.04mlO2/g.h, 5.23±0.01mlO2/g.h; their maximum nonoshivering thermogenesis(NST) in summer was respectively 5.70±0.18mlO2/g.h, 7.12±0.31mlO2/g.h, and their NST in winter was respectively 6.67±0.05mlO2/g.h, 7.42±0.04mlO2/g.h; their NST scope(NST/BMR) in summer was separately 1.52±0.05, 1.46±0.04, and their NST scope in winter was separately 1.49±0.01, 1.42±0.01. Their thermogenic characteristics and thermoregulatory styles possibly reflected features of small rodents in Hengduan mountains region which have lower body temperatures and NST scope, higher BMR, Cm and NSTand could keep their body temperatures stable in narrower ambient temperatures comparing with other rodents. Body temperature, Cm BMR and NST of A. chevrieri were higher than these of E. miletus. A. chevrieri could keep body temperature stable in a wider range of ambient temperatures than E. miletus. NST scope of E. miletus was higher than it of A. chevrieri. Their TNZ and the ambient temperature range in which they could keep C stable in winter were narrower than these indexes in summer. The body temperature and body weight in winter were lower comparing with the summer. The BMR, F-value and NSTmax in winter were significantly higher than the summer. The TNZ in winter was shifted to the lower ambient temperature comparing with the summer.
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Seed biology and pharmacological benefits of fennel, lavender, thyme and Echinacea species
Статья обзорная
Medicinal and aromatic plants are gaining more importance because of their potential application in food, pharmaceutical and fragrance industry. Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used in cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceuticals and food flavoring since ancient times, because of the presence of essential oils and different components. The keyword searches for Fennel, Lavender, Thyme, Echinacea , Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science and seed anatomy were performed by using Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of seeds of important medicinal plants. The seeds of medicinal and aromatic plants are stores of important and active secondary metabolites that have been economically and commercially beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The seeds of fennel are highly nutritious, and the seeds contain different minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The seeds are helpful in weight loss and cancer prevention. They can also improve digestive health, regulate blood pressure, improve skin appearance, and promotes lactation. The main chemical components of lavender are linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-ocimene, camphor and terpinen-4-ol. The lavender essential oil has anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antinociceptive activities. The main components of thyme are p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol. Thyme can help to improve eyesight, and it has high anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The main compounds of Echinacea species are chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, cynarin, echinacoside and cichoric acid. Seeds of these medicinal plants are of immense economic and biological importance, and they contain high oil, protein and starch reserves with notable pharmaceutical benefits.
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Статья научная
The study aimed was to determine the effects of drought stress (0, -4, -8, -12 bar) and osmo-priming (-15 bar PEG 6000 for 15 at 24 h) on seed germination, seedling growth and enzyme activity at different temperatures were assessed in the laboratory for wheat. Results showed that the highest germination percentage (GP) (94.33%), normal seedling percentage (NSP) (92%), germination index (GI) (44.85) and seedling length (11.03 cm) were attained from osmo-priming in control conditions. Therefore, seed priming with PEG 6000 significantly (p≤ 0.01) increased germination characteristics as compared to the unprimed seeds under drought stress. Also, osmo-priming increased catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as compared to the unprimed.
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Seed priming for better growth and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under saline condition
Статья научная
Salinity is considered as a major abiotic stress affecting crop production in arid and semi-arid region. In field condition, poor germination and decrease of seedling growth results in poor establishment and occasionally crop failure. Many research studies have shown that seed priming is an efficient method for increasing plant growth and improvement of yield in saline condition. That's why; this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of KCl priming on the growth traits and yield of Tunisian safflower under salinity conditions. Seeds were primed with KCl (5 g/l) for 24 h at 20°C. Primed (P) and un-primed (NP) seeds were directly sown in the field and followed during eight months of plant cycle. Experiments were conducted using various water irrigations concentrations induced by NaCl (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/l). Results showed that plant height of primed seeds was greater than that of un-primed seeds. Numbers of branches per plant, fresh and dry weight, heads number per plant, petals and grains yield of plants derived from primed seeds were higher compared with un-primed seeds.
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Статья научная
Seed priming is a pre-germination physiological treatment of seeds with natural or synthetic compounds which provides faster and synchronized germination. In the present research work, the seed priming effects of NaCl and KNO3 in Sesamum indicum L.var. Thilothama under drought stress were studied. Sesame is a well known oil yielding plant and the seeds of these plants are used for oil extraction. Morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis were conducted in the seedlings raised from primed and non-primed seeds under field conditions. The results of analyses showed significant reduction in the growth of seedlings under drought stress conditions. But both the seed priming treatments resulted in an increase in the germination percentage, growth and yield. The germination percentage and growth attributes were found to be high in KNO3 primed plants, but as far as the yield parameters were concerned, the fruit weight and seed weight were found to be maximum in NaCl primed plants. Thus from the present research work, it was concluded that both the seed priming methods improved the drought stress tolerance potential of sesame and among the two seed priming treatments, we recommend seed priming with 15 mM NaCl as the most effective method for enhancing yield under drought stress in sesame.
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Selection of high yield m6 wheat mutant lines obtained from stem rust resistant parents
Статья научная
Wheat is a major cereal crop grown worldwide. Mutation breeding with the objective to improving grain yield was performed for selection of mutant lines. Dry dormant seeds with approx. 11 % moisture of three Australian genotypes (Mendos, Coorong and Egret) were treated with 100, 160 and 200 Gy Co-60 gamma radiation and mutants were selected between the M1 and M5 generations for yield production under field experimental conditions. Decrease in survival rate (%) of plants was observed. Five seeds from each spike per plant of M1 plants were collected, bulked dose-wise and grown separately as M2. Fifteen promising mutant lines retested in a M5-trial for yield in comparison with the parent cultivars. Significant differences ( P 2) and C-17-31 (976 g/m2) as compared with their mothers and the local control genotype Bouhouth10 (857 g/m2). The obtained results suggest that LD50 (160 Gy) gamma radiation treatment can be useful from breeding point of view for selecting higher yielding wheat plants, and the results showed that the Australian parents had Sr26 resistance gene against stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp . tritici , therefore, their utilization is suggested in wheat breeding programs to achieve resistant cultivars.
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Статья научная
The aim of this pot experiment was to determine the impact of foliar spraying of silicic acid (Si) with or without potassium fertilizer amendment (K) on dry matter (DM), nitrogen uptake (TN), efficient use of N fertilizer (NUE) and pod yield of okra plants ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as influenced by salinity in the irrigation water (Salt) using 15N isotope. Results showed that salt stress reduced growth and N uptake by okra plants. Si and/or K applications could reduce the negative effect of salinity to a certain extent depending on the way and the type of applied materials (i.e., separate or combined applications of Si and K). Solely Si application improved okra (DM) and N-nutrition (TN and NUE) under both saline (Salt+) and non-saline conditions (Salt-). This improvement was more pronounced in the former than the latter. However, Si+ did not have significant effect on DM and fresh weights of pods as compared with the control (Si-). Solely applied K fertilizer increased the growth, N uptake and ultimately pod yields. Moreover, the combined use of Si and K could significantly enhance total DM(TDM), TN, amounts of N derived from fertilizer (Ndff), soil (Ndfs) and %NUE in the entire okra plants as well as pod yield. In conclusion, solely applied K or in combination with Si could be considered as an effective agricultural practice to reduce salt stress in okra plants and increase the growth and ultimately pod yields.
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Статья
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Serum and urinary electrolytes level in the subjects of two different environmental conditions
Статья научная
The serum electrolytes, Sodium and Potassium are the important macronutrient to the human and it is supplied to the body via the solid and liquid food materials. These electrolytes have different roles in the body and these functions are crucial for life. Its rate of consumption and excretion may vary to the different geographical region, and this may cause the variable medical fitness. We investigated the serum & urinary profile of Na+ & K+, and compared it with their dietary intake of these macronutrients in 400 healthy subjects from two different regions, plain and hill. The subjects from the plain region consume more Na+ & K+ rather than hill region. The Serum & urinary profile of Na+ & K+ were observed higher in plain region and it may be the cause of their higher blood pressure as compared to the hill subjects.
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Serum antioxidant status to assess oxidative stress in brucella infected buffaloes
Статья научная
The investigation was carried out to assess oxidative stress on the basis of serum antioxidant status in the buffaloes of Murrah breed having brucellosis. For this serum antioxidants like vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione and various enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase were determined. Results indicated that vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione levels decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in affected buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. Serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase activities increased significantly(p≤0.05) in affected buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. Results indicated that the antioxidant status was altered in the brucella infected buffaloes. Depletion of levels of antioxidants in the serum reflected towards the development of oxidative stress in buffaloes having brucellosis.
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