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The role of plant growth promoting extremophilic microbiomes under stressful environments
Статья обзорная
The induction of plant growth promoting microbiomes (PGPM) in agricultural and horticultural field crops considered an environmental friendly biofertilizers, an alternative to chemical fertilization. The PGPM in extreme environments are halophiles, acidophiles, thermophiles, psycrophiles and metal resistant microorganisms are mainly inoculated onto seeds, roots and soil. PGPEM improve plant growth by enhancing the availability of nutrients, the regulation of phytohormones, and by increasing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. These PGPM colonize the rhizosphere of plants inducing the accumulation of osmolytes, antioxidants, upregulation or down regulation of stress responsive genes and alteration in root morphology in acquisition of tolerance under adverse environmental conditions. The PGPM have been reported from all three domain archaea, bacteria and eukarya of different groups such as Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria . The microbes possess the diverse plant growth promoting features and these efficient and potential microbes may be applied as biofertilizers for crops improvements and soil health for sustainable agriculture. In order to survive under the biotic and abiotic stress conditions, these PGPM, have developed adaptive features which permits them to grow optimally under one or more environmental extremes, while poly-extremophiles grow optimally under multiple conditions. In this chapter compile the research progress in PGPM will promise on the development of molecular approaches to increase our knowledge of PGPM and to achieve an integrated management of plant growth promoting extremophiles.
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Статья научная
Expression of gdh1 and gdh2 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana increases in the dark and decreases in the light. The reason of such alteration seems to be a glucose rising in photosynthetic cell in the light, but this hypothesis needs to be confirmed. In this work we investigate the role of glucose and hexokinase 1 in the light-dependent regulation of the gdh1 and gdh2 expression. A comparison of expression profiles of apl3, gdh1, gdh2 genes in presenсe of exogenous sucrose in the dark and in the light has demonstrated that sugar-related repression of gdh1 and gdh2 genes is insufficient to provide the high decrease of their transcripts in the light. Using Arabidopsis mutant gin2-1 with a defect in hxk1 gene we demonstrated that such a decrease is not depended on the regulatory function of hexokinase 1. We presume that light- dependent alterations of gdh1 and gdh2 expression are mediated by some chloroplast-to-nucleus regulatory signals.
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The role of superoxide dismutase in inducing of wheat seedlings tolerance to osmotic shock
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Influence of short-term hardening osmotic exposure (immersion in 1 M sucrose solution with subsequent transferring to distilled water for 20 min) on the hydrogen peroxide generation and superoxide dismutase activity in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L., cv. Elegiya) seedlings and their tolerance to osmotic shock were investigated. During the initial 30 min after osmotic exposure, the increasing of hydrogen peroxide amount in roots and shoots (to a lesser extent) was observed, but the resistance of the seedlings and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased. Sometime later the decrease in hydrogen peroxide amount and the increase of seedlings tolerance to osmotic shock took place. SOD activity increased in 10 min after hardening osmotic exposure. Transient accumulation of hydrogen peroxide induced in this way was suppressed by the treatment of seedlings with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), SOD inhibitor. DDC and hydrogen peroxide scavenger dimethylthiourea decreased positive hardening effect of osmotic exposure on the development of seedlings tolerance. It was concluded that SOD providing the generation of signal hydrogen peroxide pool took part in the induction of seedlings tolerance to osmotic shock development caused by preliminary hardening effect.
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Статья научная
Using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method, a change in the level of relative transcription of the SSADH gene in wheat leaves under salt stress conditions was established, correlating with changes in activity. A study of the nucleotide composition of the wheat SSADH gene showed a certain distribution pattern of GATC sequences in the promoter region, which are methylation sites for adenine DNA methyltransferase. Their content is quite high, which may indicate regulation of the expression of this gene by changing the degree of their methylation. Based on the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of this promoter, primers were developed for its amplification and analysis of the adenylate methyl status. A change in the methylation status of adenines in the GATC sites of the succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase SSADH gene promoter in wheat leaves under salinity was shown.
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Статья научная
The emergence and spread of stress reactions are provided by the blood circulation system. In its turn, the adequacy of blood circulation depends on the hemorheological and vascular mechanisms. The changeability of their properties appears to be the basis of the increasing of stress stages. From the viewpoint of biophysical reactions, any change and movement occur with the expenditure and accumulation of energy. Higher level of adaptation energy waste and secondary level take place, when a small stressor entails a small expenditure. There is a maximum possible rate of adaptive energy consumption and at this maximum the organism cannot cope with any additional stimulus. At the same time adaptive and stress diseases develop. Let’s consider the duration and manifestation of Raynaud's disease from the perspective of adaptation diseases and diseases of the third grade, which appears to be the cause of the double stress effect - cold and emotional- physical and psychic. Total of 97 patients with Raynaud's disease were examined. For a new vision of the problem it was necessary to find out how the streessors of various nature impact the hemoreheological status and vascular resistance. For this purpose all the patients were examined for a resistance index of resistive arteries of the hand and the indices of erythrocyte aggregation and deformability. The patients were divided into four subgroups. The first subgroup - the patients after chilblain, the second subgroup - the patients with psychic strerssor, the third subgroup - the patients with prolonged chronic stress, and the fourth subgroup - the patients without the differentiation of the stressors. According to the obtained results, it is obvious that at cold and emotional stress (I and II subgroups) the hemorheological and vascular parameters are changed. However, this change (hemorheological and vascular) is more pronounced at chronic emotional stress (III subgroup) as compared both to the control and other subgroups. As compared with other subgroups the hemorheological and vascular factors in the IV subgroup differ less from the control. Summarizing the data, it is well seen that the change in hemorheological and vascular properties, so characteristic of Raynaud's disease varies within the limits of the pathological changes in these parameters and depends on the nature and character of the stressor. For an adequate treatment and a final answer the question on Raynaud's disease etiology, as well as on the role of various srtressors in the triggering mechanism and in manifestations of the disease it is necessary to continue a joint clinical-experimental research together with the specialists studying stress.
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Статья научная
Plant growth is impressed by biotic and abiotic stress inversely. There are many reports about proteins change level in salinity stress. Leaves fill up more soluble sugar of glucose, fructose and proline with treatment of salicylic acid. In this research, Salivia officialis seeds planted in pots containing perlite were put in a growth chamber under controlled conditions of 27 ±2 0C and 23 ±2 0temperature, 14h lightness and 10h darkness; NaCl concentration of 0,4,8,12 ds/m and salicylic acid concentration of 0,1,2,4 mM were used in the form of factorial experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD). The results demonstrated that increasing of proline and sugars due to osmotic slope in plants lead to increasing of tolerance against dehydrations of leave content and acceleration of plant developments in stress conditions.
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Статья научная
Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plant growth, production and photosynthesis. Fresh and dry plant weights decreases with salinity treatments. The very important role of salicylic acid (SA) in response to different stress and modification and decline damages due to stresses has established in different studies. In this research tomato seeds planted in pots containing perlite in a growth chamber under controlled conditions of 27±2°c and 23±2°c temperature, 16h lightness and 8h darkness respectively, 15 Klux light intensity and 75% humidity; NaCl concentration of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM and salicylic acid concentration of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM were used in the form of factorial experiment in a complete randomized design (CRD). Results show that germination was decreased with salinity increasing. At low levels of salinity, SA leads to decrease in germination and had no effect in high levels of salinity. The length of shoot were not effected by salinity but decrease with increase in SA concentration. Low salinity concentrations led to significant increase in root length and high concentrations dont have significant difference with control. SA also had no effect on it. The highest amount of a, b, c and total chlorophyll and carotenoid was show in 50 mM salinity levels.
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Статья научная
The use of ion-plasma technologies for treatment of seeds of different crop plants is particularly important for regions that exist in environment of risk farming. This is due to the lack of supplies in the treatment, durability, reliability and performance of these technologies. However, the mixed results of studies obtained for different species and varieties of seeds, make it necessary to detail compare the effects of the low-temperature plasma products for different cultures. This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effects of plasma products of surface dielectric barrier discharge on the germination of spring and winter wheat. It has been shown that irrespective of time and the exposure intensity laboratory germination of spring wheat seeds reduced of 74% in the control group to 52% of the treated seeds, while the germination of wheat seeds is not reduced even at a relatively long exposure (20 min). The modes of treatment (3 min, 2.1-2.4 kV) at which germination of winter wheat seeds increase from 81% in the control group to 87% of the treated seeds have been selected. Resistance of winter wheat seed germination to the product of the discharge plasma can be used to form the conditions for safe suppression of a variety of pathogenic organisms on the surface of seeds.
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Transgenic lines of Arabidopsis with HSP101 gene in sense and anti sense orientations acquired resistance to hard heat shock (50° C 10 min or 45-47° C 1 hour) and to freezing (-4° C 2 hours) due to the preliminary 2 hour’s heating at 37° C. Thus, it was shown at the first time that the induction of the resistance to hard heat shock and freezing with mild heat shock is possible in the absence of HSP101 synthesis. Thellungiella with the genome to 95-97% identical to the genome of Arabidopsis did not have higher resistance to high temperature, but was significantly more resistant to freezing. It differed from Arabidopsis by several times higher contents of HSP101, HSP60 and HSC70. Contents of these HSPs in Arabidopsis increased as a result of hardening at 4° C what was accompanied by the increase of the resistance to freezing. It is supposed that the resistances to heat and cold shocks are dependent not only from HSP101, but also from other HSPs.
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Статья научная
Effects of different concentrations of nickel sulphate and cadmium nitrate on germination, root and shoot growth, dry weight and changes in contents of total sugar, protein and pigments of this plant was studied. The study shows that the lower concentration of nickel has no effect or beneficial effect but application of higher level of nickel has an adverse effect. Cadmium reduced the percentage of germination, root and shoot length and dry weight of root and shoot. The content of pigments, total sugar and protein were also affected by cadmium nitrate and their contents were decreased.
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Статья научная
Background: Hepatotoxicity is one of the main side effects associated with Diclofenac sodium (DFS) administration. The present study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Erythrina senegalensis (HELEES) on DFS-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar rats, 5 per group, were used in this study. They were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (A-F) and treated for 21 days. Rats in Group A served as the control group and received distilled water orally; group B was given DFS at 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally (IP). HELEES were given to groups C and D at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Groups E and F were given DFS at 10 mg/kg + HELEES at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. Results: DFS administration significantly increased the bilirubin concentration and serum transaminases (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP) and LDH; total protein and albumin were significantly inhibited. There was a significant reduction in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitric oxide (NO) activity, together with a significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde (MAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). However, concurrent treatment with DFS + HELEES ameliorated the DFS-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. The results suggest that HELEES may offer some therapeutic effects against hepatic damage. In contrast to the control and HELEES-only groups, which had normal hepatic tissue morphology, rats given DFS alone developed hepatic necrosis and periportal inflammation, with the presence of numerous inflammatory cells and Kuppel cells. Examinations of liver samples from the groups given Concurrent treatment with DFS and HELEES revealed patterns that were comparable to those seen in the control group. Combining DFS with HELEES has always reduced the impact of DFS. Conclusions: Collectively, HELEES enhanced hepatic function in DFS-treated rats by suppressing nitrosative and oxidative stress.
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Статья научная
Salinity is one the major limiting environmental factors which has negative side effects on crop production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between the gradual and sudden salt stress effects on biomass accumulation associated with whole plant development in three different tissues of two wheat species (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) under hydroponic conditions in the long term. Considering the effects of sudden and gradual stress for biomass accumulation, while importance of salinity x genotype interaction for fresh weights was 5%, association for salinity x tissue type was found as 1% important. Interestingly, root branching and development of lateral roots were much more negatively affected by gradual stress rather than sudden salt application. Our results demonstrated that root and leaf were both critical tissues to test the salt tolerance by physiologically but sheath tissue might be used as an alternative source of variation for solving the interactions between root and leaves in wheat.
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Topoisomerase induced DNA damage coupled diseases and therapeutic potential
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Topoisomerase is an essential enzyme which regulates the topological state of DNA supercoils during replication and transcription. Topoisomerases cleave either one or two DNA strands and then re-join the cleaved strands after passing the intact strand or a double strand through the gap respectively. During relaxation of supercoiled DNA, if topoisomerase is trapped by drugs or alteration of DNA structure, they stabilize topoisomerase-DNA cleavage complex which leads to DNA damage. If Topoisomerase cleavage complex is trapped by any anticancer or others drug, exogenous and endogenous DNA lesion involving mismatches, abasic sites, oxidative damage etc. it may cause DNA damage. DNA damages leads to several diseases such as tumorigenesis, autoimmune disease, Angelman syndrome, SCAN1, SCAR23, Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC), cancer therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. Topoisomerase uses as a potential drug target to manage infectious diseases like leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, pneumococcal, dengue, yellow fever, corona virus, gastrointestinal infection. Here we review the recent information about the topoisomerase mediated DNA damage, related diseases, role of topoisomerase in heterochromatin structure and uses of topoisomerase as drug target in many diseases.
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Статья научная
A study has been conducted to observe the toxic effect of leachate from cigarette origin tobacco leaf and extracts of cigarette smoke on Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum L.). Results showed that germination index significantly vary with concentration. Almost all the treated seeds germinated within five days of incubation. However tobacco leaf extract showed 85 % germination with same days of incubation. The growth parameters like root length, shoot length, number of leaf per plant, shoot diameter, root and shoot fresh and dry weight etc. changes according the concentration gradient. The highest pigment content and germination index were recorded in treatment T4.
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Toxicity concerns of semiconducting nanostructures on aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata
Статья научная
In this article, we have examined toxicity of nanostructures such as flower-like ZnO capped with starch, spherical uncapped ZnO and spherical CdS on aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata, which has not done before. Hydrilla plant was exposed by these nanoparticles at a concentration of 400 mg/L for 7 days and changes in the biochemical parameters such as catalase activity, chlorophyll content and protein content were observed. It was perceived that spherical CdS nanoparticles were more toxic than the corresponding ZnO nanoparticles since there was a decrease in chlorophyll content and increase in catalase activity. This effort upsurge an interest in understanding the hazards of nanomaterials and their risk, which poses an impact on our environment and how they can be monitored via simple biochemical assays on plant systems.
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Статья научная
Expression profile of VvPHO1 gene, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) were investigated in Baladi grapevine cultivar and B41 grapevine rootstock after different times (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) of exposure to 2 dS/m sea water (SW). Quantitative RT-qPCR test revealed that the VvPHO1 gene, showed up-regulation from 0.27 to 2.61-fold in Baladi cv. and from 0.5 to 6.1-fold in B41 rootstock when exposure time increased from 24 to 96 h. Moreover, SW treatment caused decrease in total ABA content from 419.15 to 128 ng/g (3.274 fold) in Baladi cv. and from 1674.95 to 1559 ng/g (1.074 fold) in B41 rootstock when exposure time increased from 24 to 96 h. As for total SA, this parameter followed inverse tendency in Baladi cv. and B41 rootstock; it decreased from 126.45 to 25.6 ng/g (4.94 fold) in Baladi cv. and increased from 9.54 to 147 ng/g (15.41 fold) in B41 rootstock when exposure time increased from 24 to 96 h. Overall, data showed that VvPHO1 transcript pattern was closely related with SA level in B41 rootstock; referring that SA phytohormone could be implicated in VvPHO1 genes pathway mediates salt tolerance in grapevines.
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Статья научная
Heavy metal contamination is becoming a major threat to plants due to increasing industrialization. Copper is one of essential element required in trace amounts for the regular development of plants. Its excessive concentration alters the metabolism of plants. Brassinosteroids are polyhydoxylated steroidal plant hormone found to alleviate the various abiotic stresses including heavy metal stress. In the present study, effect of 24-EBL was studied in Brassica juncea plants under Cu stress. The B. juncea was grown in Cu (0, 0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM) treated soil. The seeds was soaked in the solution of 24-EBL (0, 10 -7, 10 -9 and 10 -11 M) for 8 hours. The plants were harvested on 45 th DAS. The harvested plants were used for the protein quantification and analysis of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GR, APOX, DHAR and MDHAR). The results revealed that Cu treatment lowered the protein content, while at the same time, application of 24-EBL improved the protein content. The activity of various enzymes increased under the Cu stress. The application of 24-EBl had further enhanced the activity of enzymes indicating that it may relieve the oxidative stress caused by the copper metal.
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Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot, a salt-tolerant wild leguminous forage crop in salt-affected soils
Статья научная
Plant scientists are investigating the potential of previously unexploited legume species where environmental and biological stresses constrain the use of more conventional forage crops or where these species are better suited to the needs of sustainable agriculture. Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot., Moroccan clover, occurs as a weed in different habitats in Morocco. It grows in moderately saline areas, where traditional forage legumes cannot be cultivated; however, it has not been widely studied despite its good palatability. The salt tolerance was studied between natural field conditions and glasshouse. The extensive field studies have recorded the species in many different habitats ranging from healthy agricultural lands to abandoned saline areas. The plants maintained high nodulation capacity (ranging between 60% and 97%) and nitrogenase activities (average 2.04 µmol C 2H 4 plant -1 h -1) in different habitats. Shoot systems of plants collected from salt-affected soils exhibited higher concentrations of Na + and Cl - than those collected from healthy soils. Greenhouse experiments showed that germination percentage and vigor value of the studied species was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected at 160 mM NaCl, and that 25% of the germination ability was maintained when growing on substrats containing 240 mM NaCl. The growth rate of seedlings was not signicantly affected by 160 mM NaCl but was reduced by 38% under 240 mM NaCl. Leaf succulence and indices of leaf water status did not differ among the salt treatments, whereas relative water content was reduced by only 8% and water content at saturation increased by about 12% at high salt concentrations in the growing medium. This study suggest recommending the cultivation of T. isthmocarpum in salt-affected soils, which are widespread and pose a problem for the farmers of Morocco and other countries in the world’s arid belt.
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Статья научная
The objective of the present study was to understand and evaluate the effects of water and hormonal stresses on seed germination and early seedling growth in kodo millet crop (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) and observations were recorded for partial seed germination and full seed germination after 6-days and 12-days of stress treatments. During water stress experiments, various concentrations of mannitol (50mM, 100mM, 250mM, 500mM, 750mM, and 1000mM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG- 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) respectively were employed. Results achieved during water stress treatments reveal that mannitol concentrations (250mM and 500mM) were proved to be very significant and causing promotions in seed germination and seedling growths instead of osmotic stress inhibition and therefore, after 12-days of treatments, the mean germination percentage were recorded as (100%±1.41) and (93±1.06) respectively in comparison to control (88%±0.84). However, further increased mannitol concentrations (750mM and above) were found to be lethal and seed germination (%) was found to be zero. Additionally, PEG treatments (5% and 10%) were found to cause gradual inhibitions in germination percentage (79%±0.63 and 71%±0.35) respectively. However, PEG concentrations (15% and above) were turned out to be toxic for seed germination. Furthermore, experiments were also designed to find out the responses of hormonal stresses during seed germination and early seedling growth in kodo millet and hence, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) in various concentrations (5mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, and 100mg/L) of each were employed. Moreover, ABA even at low concentration (5mg/ L) was proved to be very toxic and causes strong inhibitions in seed germination while in contrast, GA3 at high concentration (100mg/L) turns out to be significantly inhibitory for seed germination (47%±0.77) as compared to control (88%±0.84). Interestingly, GA3 at all tested concentrations were proved to be effective to cause significant promotions in seedling elongations.
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