Статьи журнала - Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии
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Статья научная
Salt stress as a major adverse factor can lower germination, ion toxicity, reduction in enzymatic and photosynthetic efficiency and other physiological disorders and ultimately lower crop productivity in salinity zones. As growth regulators are involved in altering growth processes in plants, it is possible that they might even reduce the detrimental effects of salinity by stimulating growth. But their physiological roles are not well known. In example, about the roles of IAA in salinity conditions are not similar viewpoints. For this purpose a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was conducted with influence of foliar application of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) in farm on germination percent and seedling growth parameters of wheat (cv. Marvdasht) under different levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM) of NaCl salinity with 3 replications, during 2012 in the laboratory research of the Department of plant breading and agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh University in Maragheh state in Iran. The results of this study indicate, that salinity decreased the plumule, radicle and seedling length and plumule, radicle and seedling dry weight, seed germination and seedling vigor index, whereas increase in mean germination time and no signification plumule/radicle ratio observed in the cultivar tested. Also, application of IAA at cell division stage of grain growth caused significant increase in seedling growth parameters under different salinity levels. The interaction between application of IAA and salinity levels significantly affected final germination percentage. Highest final germination percentage was recorded with IAA with increasing salinity level from 0 up to 120 mM NaCl (98.3, 98.3, 96.7 and 100% without significant differences between them, respectively).
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Статья научная
Plant seeds used rely on a wide range of internal mechanisms and physio-chemical factors to ensure their germination under favorable environmental conditions. Most plant seeds have complex process of germination, including water, oxygen, temperature availability, genome-wide gene expression, signal transduction, hormones stimulations, inhibitors removal and catalytic protein synthesis. In addition, influences of seeds nutrient values such as, protein, lipids, sugars and free amino acids have a special importance. Regarding, seeds free amino acids. Discussion of these individual factors needs to be put in context of their role in germination processes. Regarding, free amino acids seed storage, there is limited information about their relevant functions in activation and/or deactivation of required metabolic mechanisms and interactive compounds involved in this process in commercial plant cultivars. Therefore, current study was aimed to determine the probable influence of free amino acid compositions of seeds on germination process of two different (Punica granatum L.) pomegranate cultivars including wild type Automi cultivar and edible Khazemi cultivar. In particular, we focused on the impact of amino acids contents variations on germination process and associated AAs compositional changes during various stages of germination and seedlings establishment. Amino acid analysis using HPLC detected all the essential and non-essential amino acids in the raw seeds of the studied cultivars, Automi and Khazemi along with AAs compositional changes occurred during different stages of seed germination. These AAs have been extensively analyzed in the context of their role in dormancy breaking capacities in plants species. Automi raw seeds are rich in Phe, that, is strongly related to ABA synthesis and hence might be responsible for the dormancy of Automi seeds, Khazemi raw seeds have sufficient levels of Arg, Glu and Met that have been reported to enhance seeds germination in plant, therefore Khazemi germination capacity was assumed to be regulated more or less by these AAs. In addition, changes in amino acid composition in the germinated Khazemi cultivar during various stages of seeds germination including imbibition, germination, and sprouts stages have been noticed to change in response with germination demands. This suggests that amino acids reserves in dry seeds are major determinant for germination capacity and germination behavior in the following steps of germination. The noticed particular AAs increase/decrease along the time course of Khazemi pomegranate germination till establishment of heterotrophic seedlings were used as cornerstones for elucidation and deduction of putative function and relevant biochemical pathways controlling initiation of seeds germination and seedlings developments. Based on publicly available databases of model plants and literatures surveys, we established correlations between prevailing AAs factors as biochemical parameters actively involved in seeds dormancy-breaking and germination process.
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Статья научная
The present study aimed to assess the effects of Leptin on physical and psychological stresses inducing gastric ulcer. The potential role of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the effects of Leptin on the gastric ulcer in rats are also investigated. In this study, fifty-four male Wistar rats were equally divided into 9 groups and Leptin (10 µg/kg, s.c.) was administered twice a day for 14 days in advance of physical and psychological stress. Also, NG- nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg, an inhibitor of NO synthase) and indomethtacin (5 mg/kg, in order to inhibit PG synthesis) were applied before Leptin administration. Ulcer index, gastric acid secretion, NO metabolites and PGE2 of stomach tissue suspension were all measured. Results indicated that ulcer index and gastric acid secretion were significantly decreased (p2 were increased (p2 pathways.
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Статья научная
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two important macronutrients with diverse functions in plants. Therefore, the effects of their deficiencies on different physiological and biochemical characteristics especially in crops have always been investigated. In this study, the effects of nitrate and phosphate deficiencies in two levels of 25% and 35% deficiencies compared to control plants were studied in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Results were analyzed statistically that showed a significant increase of root soluble and insoluble sugars and peroxidase activity and a significant decrease of root soluble proteins in both levels of nitrate and phosphate deficiencies which have less been studied. Furthermore, reverse relationships between soluble sugars and soluble proteins (r 2=0.996) and between insoluble sugars and soluble proteins (r 2=1) under nitrate deficiencies were developed. Also, by decreasing nitrate, β-caroten and xanthophyll contents decreased. By decreasing phosphate, concentration of β-caroten diminished but xanthophyll contents were not affected significantly. On the whole, biochemical characteristics were affected more in nitrate-deficient treatments in tomato plants than those of control plants.
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Статья научная
Savory plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl. Plants were grown under controlled environment and harvested after 42 days for measurements of biochemical and physiological parameters. The essential oil of dryed aerial parts of treated plants were isolated and analyzed with GC/MS. The main essential oil compounds were determined as carvacrol (55.37%) and g-terpinene (32.92%) in control plants. In NaCl treated plants, with increasing NaCl, carvacrol content increased and g-terpinene decreased. In all the plants treated with NaCl, growth parameters, pigments contents and photosynthetic rate were decreased, while, proline and soluble sugars contents increased. Our results indicated that with increasing salinity, carvacrol amount increased which can be considered for medical usages.
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Статья обзорная
Effects of seed soaking with plant growth regulators (IAA, GA3, kinetin or prostart) on wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Auqab-2000) emergence and seedling growth under normal (4 dS/cm) and saline (15 dS/cm) conditions were studied to determine their usefulness in increasing relative salt-tolerance. During emergence test, emergence percentage and mean emergence time (MET) were significantly affected by most of priming treatments, however, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings were significantly increased by 25 ppm kinetin followed by 1% prostart for 2 h treatments under both normal and saline conditions. All pre-sowing seed treatments decreased the electrolyte leakage of steep water as compared to that of non-primed seeds even after 12 h of soaking. Seed soaking with 25 ppm kinetin induced maximum decrease in electrolyte leakage while an increase in electrolyte leakage was observed by 25, 50 or 100 ppm IAA treatments. It is concluded that priming has reduced the severity of the effect of salinity but the amelioration was better due to 25 ppm kinetin and 1% prostart (2 h) treatments as these showed best results on seedling growth, fresh and dry weights under non-saline and saline conditions whereas seed soaking with IAA and GA3 were not effective in inducing salt tolerance under present experimental material and conditions
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The effects of storage on germination characteristics and enzyme activity of sorghum seeds
Статья научная
Seed moisture content (MC) and storage temperature are the most important factors affecting seed longevity and vigor. Exposure to warm, moist air is principally responsible for this. Proper storage and optimum seed moisture content can affect the grain quality significantly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different storage treatments on seed quality of sorghum. The seed materials were fresh without any storage period. For storage treatments, 3 seed moisture contents (6, 10, 14 %) were stored for 8 month in 0.5 L capacity sealed aluminum foil packet in 0.3 bar inside incubators set at 4 temperatures (5, 15, 25, 35°C). After storage time, the higher the storage temperature, the lower was the grain quality of sorghum. The highest germination percentage, germination index, normal seedling percentage were achieved in control conditions (0 day of storage). Our results showed that increasing storage duration resulted higher reduction in germination characteristics. Also our results showed that, germination percentage, means time to germination, germination index, normal seedling percentage decrease significantly by storage. Enzyme activity decrease significantly by increased in storage.
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Статья научная
The article presents the results of studying the content of 21 chemical elements in four species of coniferous trees of forest-forming species collected on the western coast of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Region. The article discusses the features of the elemental composition and accumulation of heavy metals in plants growing in the foothills of Khamar-Daban, where the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill previously operated. It has been established that plants accumulate significant amounts of the metals iron and manganese. Data obtained using X-ray fluorescence analysis can be used to monitor the state of coastal ecosystems.
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Статья научная
The production of fresh and dry matter of maize, wheat, cotton, broad and parsley plants show a variable response to the elevation of salinity stress. The production of fresh and dry matter of shoots and roots in wheat and broad bean plants tended to decrease with increasing NaCl concentration, salt stress progressively decrease in fresh and dry matter yield of maize plants. The increase in salinization levels induced a general insignificant change in production of fresh and dry matter of both organs of parsley plants. However, salinity induced a marked increase in the values of fresh and dry matter yields of cotton plants grown at the lowest level (-0.3 MPa NaCl) and a reduction at higher salinization levels. Leaf area of unsprayed plants was excesivly decreased with the rise of osmotic stress levels especially at higher salinity levels of maize, wheat, cotton, and broad bean and parsley plants. the total pigments concentration decreased with rise of salinization levels in maize and cotton, these contents remained more or less un affected up to the level of 0.6 MPa NaCl in wheat and up to 0.9 MPa in parsley plants, there above, they were significantly reduced with increasing salinity levels. In broad bean plants the total pigments contents showed a non-significant alterations at all salinity stress. Spraying the vegetative parts of the five tested plants with 200 ppm of either GA3 or kinetin completely ameliorated the deleterious effect of salinity in fresh, dry matter, leaf area and pigment contents.
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Статья обзорная
In this publication we are discussing the discovered analogy between reactions of hibernating and non-hibernating animals to critical factors in the external environment. A hypothesis is formulated regarding the mechanisms responsible for the discovered analogy both at the cellular level and at the level of the whole organism.
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Статья научная
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of hypoxia and subsequent normoxiaon the maintenance of respiratory pigment hemocyanin, total protein, lactate and some ions (Na +, K +, Ca 2+, NH 4+, Mg 2+) in the mantle liquid in palaearctic gastropod species Lymnaea stagnalis. It was shown that short-term experimental hypoxia leads to the activation of the physiological mechanisms of stress adaptation in widespread Palaearctic eurybiotic gastropod species and does not lead to the activation of the stress-resistance mechanisms on the biochemical and molecular levels.
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Статья научная
Wheat is the most important staple food crop in the world. Micronutrients are vital components for balances both growth and development in plants. An experiment was designed in order to survey the effects of manganese sulfate on yield and quality parameters of wheat cultivars in Isfahan in 2017. A split plot layout with a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted. Main plots were manganese sulfate (contains 28% pure manganese) (20, 40 and 60 kg/ha), and sub-plots were winter wheat cultivars (Pishtaz, Shiraz and Marvdasth). Manganese sulfate influence was meaningful on the number of fertile spikes, the number of grains in spike, a thousand grain weight, grain yield, protein and manganese contents of grain. Cultivar had significant influence on number of fertile spikes, a thousand grain weight, grain yield and protein content. The highest values of fertile spike, number of grain, a thousand grain weight, harvest index, grain yield, grain protein and the content of grain manganese was achieved in application of 60 kg manganese sulfate per ha. In addition, the highest number of fertile spikes, number of grains per spike, grain yield and the content of grain manganese was related to Marvdasht cultivar. On the basis of the results, cultivation of Marvdasht cultivar and application of 60 kg Mn sulfate per ha is recommended for the semi-arid region of Isfahan.
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Статья обзорная
The influence of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria on surviving of winter wheat seedling during low-temperature stress was investigated. It was shown that infiltration of winter wheat seedling by exogenous uncouplers caused the increase of oxygen consumption, seedling's temperature and surviving. Vice verse inhibition of electron transport through the main cytochrome and alternative pathways decreased surviving of winter wheat seedlings during cold stress
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Статья научная
The separate and combined effect of sucrose (12%, 7 days) and low temperature (2 °С, 7 days) on the growth of plants, the content of carbohydrates in the leaves and oxidative activity of mitochondria isolated from them has been studied on the etiolated plants of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). It has been shown that sucrose and low temperature cause inhibition of the growth and increasing of the carbohydrates content. Using the different oxidation substrates (malate, malate + rotenone, succinate, NADH and NADPH) have been identified changes in the mitochondrial oxidative activity and the functioning of alternative oxidase and rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases. It has been determined that activity of the alternative oxidase and “external” rotenone-insensitive NAD(P)H dehydrogenases in the mitochondria of etiolated leaves depends on the carbohydrate status of the plant, regardless of the growth temperature.
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Статья научная
The influence of high Cd2+ concentrations on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system function of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale) etiolated shoots. It is shown that etiolated shoots of winter rye with different length dare progressively inhibited by high Cd2+, but wheat seedlings are not inhibited by such way. The rate of lipid peroxidation in the presence of Cd2+ in wheat shoots was lower than in rye shoots. Catalase activity in the presence of Cd2+ in rye shoots was lower than in wheat shoots but peroxidase activity was higher in wheat shoots.
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Статья научная
Experiments for the study of symptoms of the powdery mildew pathogen on wheat leaves showed that induced oxidative stress caused changes in conidial germination and appressorial formation of the wheat powdery mildew fungus. The oxidative stress was brought about by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. It has been shown that prooxidants have a prominent role in regulating fungal development, leading to abnormal conidial germination, thus preventing the fungal penetration into plant cells. Treatment of wheat plants with 5 mM H2O2 and 4 mM 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole resulted in a significant reduction of powdery mildew disease severity compared to the control. In most cases, on samples of infected plant tissues there were anomalies in the elongation of germ tubes and globe-shaped appressoria. From the data which was obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the result of the interaction of powdery mildew fungus with wheat is affected by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to suppression or disruption of the pathological process.
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The influence of low temperature on the scots pine callus culture
Статья научная
The method of callus culture is a convenient tool for assessing of intracellular changes occurring in response to adverse effects, which reduces the experimental time and laboratory resources. Factors of intracellular resistance of coniferous trees to low positive temperatures have not been studied enough. The study of the sustainability mechanisms of the economically important species and forest-forming tree species, Scots pine, is relevant for the research region. The objective of the research was to assess the suitability of callus culture obtained from Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) buds for studying the factors of bud cell resistance to low positive temperatures. Callus cultures obtained on bud explants were exposed to +4 or +1 °C for 7 days, after which the growth rate of the cultures, cell viability, and oxidative stress indicators (the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion; the activity of peroxidase and lipid peroxidation) were assessed. Before the exposure, callus cultures differed in growth rate, viability and in the development of oxidative stress, which is probably due to the genetic differences in the trees from which the buds were obtained, and is consistent with the data of other studies. Low positive temperatures suppress the growth of cultures, which indicates the restructuring of cell metabolism in the direction of protective activity. After exposure to low positive temperatures, all cultures were characterized by an increase in lipid peroxidation activity, indicating the development of oxidative stress. The absence of negative changes in cell viability and of an increasing in the content of hydrogen peroxide in all studied cultures indicates the ability of cells to withstand unfavorable changes. An increase in peroxidase activity found in all cultures indicates the activation of protective mechanisms. An increase in the content of superoxide anion may indicate the development of protective signaling. The study showed the ability of pine bud callus culture cells to withstand the used cold exposure, which makes the callus culture at researched conditions a useful test system for studying the mechanisms of cold resistance of Scots pine buds.
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Статья научная
Article deals γ-radiation doses of 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 Gy, sulfate (Na2SO4, ZnSO4) concentrations of 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 mM of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L . The dynamics of changes in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (CA, carbonate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.1) enzyme were studied in the ontogeny of the Ganja-182 cultivar of the species Gossypium hirsutum L. in type of true leaf emergence (LP), budding (BP), flowering (FP) and opening of seed boll phase (OBP). It was determined that chloride and sulfate salts have different effects on CA activity. Thus, CA activity increases at 200 Gy dose of γ-radiation, 100 mM of NaCl, and 200 mM of ZnSO4. It seems that the increase in CA activity in the medium containing ZnSO4 is related to the increase in the demand for CO2 under stress. The obtained results show that radiation and sulfate salts have a more regulatory effect on salt adaptation than other salts in cotton plant.
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The main event in biology of XX century
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In the article the 60-years history of molecular biology, the central discipline of modern biology: its achievements and problems
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