Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast

Все статьи: 1728

Evaluation of water bioresources management efficiency in domestic fishing industry

Evaluation of water bioresources management efficiency in domestic fishing industry

Mikhailova Elena G.

Статья научная

Efficient use of natural resources is an integral part of sustainable development. Resource management efficiency criteria should cover all components of sustainable development: economic, environmental and social. The purpose for the study is to assess the possibility of applying tools for measuring natural resources management efficiency in relation to water biological resources. The most developed are methodological approaches to assessing the economic efficiency of resource management. Despite the importance of environmental assessment and the availability of the methodological framework, there still remain some gaps in data availability for analyzing the impact of the fishing industry on the environment. The specific features of natural resources extraction and processing are particularly evident in indicators of environmental efficiency of resource saving. The paper substantiates the importance of taking into account emissions of water bioresources, unreported fishing, technological losses in assessing water bioresources management efficiency...

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Evolution of colonial and neocolonial models in geopolitical dominance

Evolution of colonial and neocolonial models in geopolitical dominance

Balatsky E.V.

Статья научная

The paper considers the architecture of modern neocolonialism. To this end we put forward simple structural and graphical models of traditional (colonial) and modern (neocolonial) systems, whose comparison reveals their differences. Further, we systematize comparative features of two dominance systems - colonial and neocolonial. We introduce the concept of colonial cycle, which means power castling - the process when power shifts from the mother country to its colony; a typical example is the relationship between the United States and the UK. We propose a structural and graphical model of a multipolar world, which highlights alliances of countries and indirect methods of struggle that States engage in so as to gain influence in their regional segments of the geopolitical system. We reveal the objective and subjective drivers of neocolonial castling: the scale effect; the balance of power effect, formalized as a structural balance; the globalization saturation effect that generates a “globalization / local culture” cycle; the political leader effect; economic patriotism. We put forward an expanded model of state success in the context of neocolonialism; this model, in addition to internal social achievements, takes into account the external effect in the form of political sovereignty. We show that many international comparisons lose their relevance within the framework of this model. A typical example of a false but well-established narrative based on a narrowed model of state success is the notion of South Korea's more dynamic development compared to North Korea. We consider a modification of the extended model of state success using N. Machiavelli's militaristic model as an example. The cognitive significance of the concept of colonial cycles in the context of geopolitical turbulence is discussed.

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Evolution of the national innovation systems of the United States, the United Kingdom, China and Iran

Evolution of the national innovation systems of the United States, the United Kingdom, China and Iran

Volchik V.V., Tsygankov S.S., Maskaev A.I.

Статья научная

The concept of national innovation systems (NIS) involves consideration of the economic arrangements of individual countries. It is necessary to identify the features of institutions’ evolution that contribute to the processes of creating and transforming knowledge into new technologies and products. The article examines the experience of developing the NIS of the USA, the United Kingdom, China and Iran. The US and the UK have stable and developed NIS with a long history. Thus, Iran and China can be classified as countries with developing innovation systems but demonstrating considerable success. The significant difference between the considered innovation systems is how countries achieve political and economic sustainability. All of them are trying to stimulate market mechanisms for creating innovations. The Chinese innovation model combines the promotion of grassroots innovation and government support for technology enterprises. In the US and the UK, the leading role of business is associated with the perception that it is better at distributing investment in R&D than the Government. Iran is also trying to stimulate private innovation, but the Government still plays the key role because of the limited domestic market and sanctions restrictions. One of the prerequisites for the development of the NIS of Iran and China is a long-term policy in higher education, which, combined with population growth, has led to a significant expansion of access to higher education. The article is of interest to the Russian scientific community since the authors, on the one hand, explore the NIS of the leading countries in the field of innovation located on different continents (the UK, the US and China) and, on the other hand, a country that has been under sanctions pressure (Iran), which is especially important in the current economic and political realities. The authors suggest thinking about possible ways of developing the Russian innovation system by analyzing the foreign experience of the NIS. Scientists who are involved in researching NIS and national innovation policymakers can use the results of this scientific work.

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Evolving threats to national security

Evolving threats to national security

Ilyin V.A., Morev M.V.

Статья научная

June 13, 2023, the President of the Russian Federation held a meeting with war correspondents, at which the following most pressing issues were discussed: the situation on the front line, the state of the Russian military-industrial complex, the effectiveness of personnel “elevators” of the public administration system and many others. The head of state’s public assessment of key aspects of the situation in the country was, among other things, “psychotherapeutic”, which was due to the increase in threats to national security, primarily military and even terrorist: the attack of drones on residential areas of Moscow on May 30, 2023, the beginning of counteroffensive on June 4 by the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the explosion of the dam at the Kakhovka hydroelectric power plant on the night of June 5 to 6, etc. In the course of communication with war correspondents, the President had more than once to admit mistakes and shortcomings in the system of public administration that have accumulated over the past 30 years, primarily due to the presence of a significant part of the elites who are guided by private rather than national interests. Today, work on correcting these mistakes is already underway in forced, extreme

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Exclusion as a criterion for selecting socially vulnerable population groups

Exclusion as a criterion for selecting socially vulnerable population groups

Shabunova Aleksandra Anatolevna, Kalachikova Olga Nikolaevna, Leonidova Galina Valentinovna, Smoleva Elena Olegovna

Статья научная

The article considers theoretical aspects of a scientific research “The Mechanisms for Overcoming Mental Barriers of Inclusion of Socially Vulnerable Categories of the Population for the Purpose of Intensifying Modernization in the Regional Community” (RSF grant No. 16-18-00078). The authors analyze the essence of the category of “socially vulnerable groups” from the legal, economic and sociological perspectives. The paper shows that the economic approach that uses the criterion “the level of income and accumulated assets” when defining vulnerable population groups prevails in public administration practice. The legal field of the category based on the economic approach is defined by the concept of “the poor and socially unprotected categories of citizens”. With the help of the analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects of this issue, the authors show that these criteria are a necessary but not sufficient condition for classifying the population as being socially vulnerable...

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Execution of local budgets in 2014: tension is not decreasing

Execution of local budgets in 2014: tension is not decreasing

Povarova Anna Ivanovna

Статья научная

Vladimir Putin’s “May decrees” have received the status of a national goal. On the background of decreasing economic performance exacerbated by external shocks, the implementation of these decrees has become a heavy burden for regional budgets without an adequate financial support from the federal budget. As a result, almost every Russian region has suffered losses by the end of 2014. The fallacy of the ongoing course of budget policy has long been criticized by many leading scholars and experts; moreover, they proposed positive recommendations on the development of alternative policies. Unfortunately, the results of 2014 prove that the RF Government has not abandoned the policy of budget consolidation. On the contrary, gratuitous financial assistance to the regions is actively transformed into debt financing in the form of budget loans. However, the regional authorities can rely on this quasi-support, which is a temporary factor, only provided that the budget is deficit-free and at the expense of abandonment of spending on economic development and on the improvement of welfare of the population...

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Expanding methodological approaches to assessing the quality of socio-economic development strategies for large cities

Expanding methodological approaches to assessing the quality of socio-economic development strategies for large cities

Shulepov Evgenii B., Zadumkin Konstantin A., Shcherbakova Anna A.

Статья научная

We substantiate areas of improving the tools designed to assess the quality of socio-economic development strategies for large cities. In particular, we developed and tested a methodology for assessing the quality of socio-economic development strategies for large cities based on the principles of strategic planning and social corporatism. At the first stage, it involves analyzing the dynamics of key indicators of socio-economic development in large cities, reflecting the growth rates of the number of city residents (“Citizens” indicator, provides a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics of development and targets of the urban community); the number of registered enterprises and organizations in the city (“Business” indicator, provides a comprehensive assessment of the dynamics of development and targets of the entrepreneurial community); the volume of housing construction (“Municipality” indicator, provides a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of municipal management through land use, interaction with residents and construction companies), as well as the faith of people and investors in the city and its future. At the second stage, we assess the use of five main mechanisms of social corporatism in the development strategies of large cities via contextual analysis: project management, urban sociology, territorial public self-government, municipal-private partnership, participatory budgeting. At each stage, we arrange large cities into groups in accordance with the criteria under consideration. At the final stage, we design a “Strategy - Development” matrix and put forward proposals for finalizing the strategies of large cities, taking into account their features. The approbation of the methodology has shown the heterogeneity of the quality of strategic planning and the dynamics of socio-economic development in Russia’s large cities. This may indicate that they are all at different stages of development of social corporatism. Therefore, it is necessary to use different approaches, tools and directions when developing city strategies, taking into account their characteristics and potential.

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Expansion of subcultural movements as a result of social disunity among the young population

Expansion of subcultural movements as a result of social disunity among the young population

Morev Mikhail Vladimirovich, Popova Vera Ivanovna, Vasilchuk Evgeniy Olegovich

Статья научная

This article deals with the problem concerning the estrangement of Russian and Ukrainian society from the fundamental institutions of socialization. The acute issue of subcultural movements among the post-Soviet youth population is discussed as one of the negative consequences of this process. The article presents the main reasons for the spread of informal youth associations, as well as the mechanisms of subcultural attitudes’ influence on the younger generation. The basic directions of preventing the negative impact of subcultures are determined.

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Expectations of the results

Expectations of the results

Ilyin Vladimir Aleksandrovich

Ред. заметка

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Experience in agent-based modeling of interregional value chains

Experience in agent-based modeling of interregional value chains

Lukin Evgenii V., Anosova Tatyana S., Melnikov Aleksei E., Sidorov Maksim A.

Статья научная

Solving the problem of implementing powerful socio-economic breakthrough in Russia requires the formulation and implementation of the latest practices for the development of the corporate sector, civil society, and state institutions. In theory, these practices should be the product of some innovative activity in the management sphere. However, world experience shows that initiatives correlating with the current development paradigm and are its logical continuation can provide no less effective results. In particular, we are talking about the Russian policy of industrial diversification and import substitution. The country is definitely making progress in these areas, but it is too early to talk about confident results. Meanwhile, a reasonable and, most important solution of the issue, which is not contrary to the interests of the elite, has been in the focus of the scientific community for several years, this is the value chains. Handled properly, they can act as a driver for the development of territories, business, and the social sphere. The purpose of the research is the formulation and testing the tools for value chains modeling. In turn, the novelty of the tools lies in the possibility of taking into account the interregional factor of interaction and the availability of functionality for the implementation of variable calculations of the developing phenomena in the economy. The model peculiarity is provided by the synthesis of methods of intersectoral balance and agent-based modeling which, according to other research teams, provides greater accuracy and realism of modeling. In the course of the study, the authors analyze domestic and foreign experience in designing value chains, and present their characteristics in the regional context. The researchers represent a consequence assessment associated with stimulating consumer demand and the expected effect that can be caused by the value chains value chains development.

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Experience in project management of socio-economic processes at the municipal level of government

Experience in project management of socio-economic processes at the municipal level of government

Kopytova E.D., Pakhnina S.Yu.

Статья научная

Project management of socio-economic processes is of considerable strategic importance, since it is an effective tool for solving problems in conditions of limited resources and instability in the market economy. The use of project management at the municipal level in the implementation of urban development strategies has the following advantages: high flexibility in the formation of a list of projects; ability to choose forms, methods, resources and participants in the implementation of projects; harmonizing interests, organizing constructive dialogue and pooling the resources of various social groups (government, business, society), etc. In this regard, the aim of the work is to investigate the use of project management in the activities of public authorities and its development to achieve the goals of socio-economic development of territories. We consider major theoretical approaches to project management and present a general outline of the system of levels and tools related to the strategic management of territory’s development. We analyze the experience of project management in Vologda and prove the effectiveness of its use in the implementation of territory’s development strategy. In addition, we propose main directions for the application of advanced management technologies - the implementation of project management based on ESG principles. It includes addressing environmental issues (E - environmental), social responsibility (S - social) and personnel governance (G - governance). Analyzing theoretical foundations and Russian experience, we identify directions for the development of project management based on ESG principles, reveal current problems and propose a set of measures for further improvement of project work in the field of public administration in order to address strategic tasks of territorial development. The information base includes the works of Russian and foreign scientists, project management specialists, and data from official websites of Russia’s constituent entities. We use the following methods: analysis, comparison, generalization, sampling and grouping. The scientific provisions set out in the article may be useful to government officials and researchers interested in the implementation and application of project management.

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Experience in supporting large families: an overview of successful practices

Experience in supporting large families: an overview of successful practices

Kalachikova O.N., Shmatova Yu.E., Razvarina I.N.

Статья научная

A new protracted wave of depopulation in Russia, caused by birth rate decline and high mortality, poses serious risks to the labor potential, economic and social development of the country. In recent years, the government has been taking active measures to raise birth rate. Taking into account the fact that the growth potential of birth rate lies in an increase in the proportion of large families, it is necessary to update effective mechanisms for regulating the number of children in families. In this regard, it is interesting to study the tools for supporting families with children implemented by foreign governments in the context of the recorded population fertility dynamics. The aim of this study is to review government measures to stimulate fertility and support large families in countries around the world. The information was derived from electronic databases of Russian and international statistics, websites of foreign governments, and scientific literature on the research topic. In the course of the work we used general scientific and empirical research methods. The analysis showed that in most countries there are no measures to support large families as a special category, and demographic policy is limited to providing women with short-term paid maternity leave and monthly childcare benefits. Most of the aid goes to poor families. Some countries provide tax and pension benefits for large families, and childcare allowances that increase with the birth of a subsequent child. The demographic and family policy being implemented in Russia is focused to a greater extent on families with children, including those with many children, which has the status of state priority. The following formats of support for families with children are of practical interest from the point of view of potential application in Russia: Polish programs “500+”, “Big family card”, “Mother 4+”; programs implemented in some oil and gas exporting countries: “Marriage bonus (loan)”, allocation of housing to a young family, opening an account for a newborn and its regular replenishment, tuition fees; “maternity leave” for men and the opportunity to use parental leave for eight years in the Nordic countries; partial or full compensation for babysitting services, including for close relatives caring for a child; payment for preschool educational institutions, vacation clubs, etc. in a number of European countries. Practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of taking into account international experience in the development of federal and regional programs to support potential and actual families with many children

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Extended forecast of economic results: instrumental potential of the fuzzy sets theory

Extended forecast of economic results: instrumental potential of the fuzzy sets theory

Sadov Sergey Lvovich

Статья научная

The article proposes an approach based on the fuzzy sets theory, in which the uncertainty, being originally a factor, hindering the adoption of grounded long-term management decisions, becomes a tool for their development. At that, the uncertainty of various data, characterizing the economic indicators of the process under study in the long run, is expressed by a single indicator using the modified method of the hierarchy analysis.

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Extra-role performance behavior of teachers: the role of identification with the team, of experience and of the school as an educational organization

Extra-role performance behavior of teachers: the role of identification with the team, of experience and of the school as an educational organization

Klimov Aleksei Aleksandrovich

Статья научная

The article discusses extra-role performance behavior of teachers and their identification with the teaching staff under the conditions of modernization of the education system and optimization of the network of educational institutions in Russia. The author provides a review of the literature on the subject and specifies the concept of extra-role performance behavior of teachers, what factors cause or promote such behavior, and what it means to be a “good teacher”. Understanding the importance of extra-role performance behavior as an essential component of labor efficiency will help educational organizations’ heads to use it in the recruitment, selection and certification of teachers, and in the development of personnel reserve. The author selects three factors predicting extra-role performance behavior: work experience, the school as an organization, and identification with the school staff. Regression models based on data on school teachers of Vologda (N = 78.6 schools), explained extra-role performance behavior associated with a change in the functioning of the organization (Model 2...

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Facilities of energy security projection of the northern region

Facilities of energy security projection of the northern region

Gasnikova Anastasia Aleksandrovna

Статья научная

In the article the significance and current preconditions for sustainable development of the Russian northern cities are considered and analyzed. Necessity of strategic management methods use for achievement of sustainable development goals by the cities is proved. Problems of perspective estimation of energy security are designated in the paper. Using hierarchies analysis method is proposed for making such estimation; the method allows to rank alternative scenarios of social-economic development of a region by criterion of achievement energy security. The results of the first attempt to apply the method to Murmansk oblast are given. Restrictions of using hierarchies analysis method and the necessity to combine it with indicative analysis method are specified.

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Factor analysis reflecting the impact of labor migration on the spread of socially dangerous diseases in Russia

Factor analysis reflecting the impact of labor migration on the spread of socially dangerous diseases in Russia

Lifshits Marina L., Neklyudova Natalya P.

Статья научная

The goal of the paper is to assess the possible impact of international labor immigration on the prevalence of the following diseases which are dangerous to others: HIV, active tuberculosis, syphilis, drug addiction, enterobiosis, pediculosis, acute and chronic viral hepatitis B and C in Russia’s regions. We analyze the works on the impact of migration on the health of the population of the host territory. The main research methods that we use include econometric and correlation analysis. We construct panel models for each of the diseases. The models test various socio-economic indicators (including education level, cash income, housing improvement and the incidence of alcoholism), as well as climatic, geographical and demographic indicators. In order to calculate the indicators characterizing the level of labor immigration in the regions we use Rosstat data on the legal employment of foreign citizens in the regions of the Russian Federation and on the number of foreign citizens who arrived in Russia...

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Factors of migration of the northern regions’ population

Factors of migration of the northern regions’ population

Fauzer Vladimir Viktorovich

Статья научная

In the article migration factors and their influence on the process of the population formation in the northern regions are considered, their classification is given; it is probable to operate the population migration through influencing controlled factors such as legal, economic, organizational and informational ones; the reasons of the population migration in 2005 and in 2008 are represented.

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Factors of social investment dynamics at the enterprise

Factors of social investment dynamics at the enterprise

Bikeyeva Arina Viktorovna

Статья научная

Corporate social responsibility is the best form of interaction between business and society. Based on the materials of the Mordovia's state unitary enterprise “Teplichnoye”, the article deals with the factors that influence the dynamics of social investment in the company, their impact on the production level and its efficiency.

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Features of participation of the population of cities of the European North of Russia in public and municipal administration

Features of participation of the population of cities of the European North of Russia in public and municipal administration

Sekushina I.A.

Статья научная

Citizens’ participation in managing the country’s development contributes to the formation of civil society and acts as a key element of democracy. In Russia, where three-quarters of the population are urban residents, it is especially important to study these issues in relation to cities, so as to understand the processes taking place in society and work out effective strategies for its development. The aim of the work is to consider ways in which residents of cities in the European North of Russia participate in state and municipal administration and to identify its features in settlements of different sizes. Based on the data of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation we analyze the turnout of residents of 68 cities of the European North of Russia for the presidential election of the Russian Federation (2018) and the election to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation (2021). We also assess the level of voter support provided to President Vladimir Putin and the United Russia party. It is revealed that the electoral activity of residents is determined to a greater extent by the peculiarities of the structure of the city’s economy rather than the size of the city. Based on the analysis of the results of voting for the choice of urban improvement objects, it was found that residents of sparsely populated cities are more motivated and involved in these processes. We also find out that territorial public self-government is most actively used in small, rather than large, cities. In order to assess the informal mechanisms of citizens’ participation, we analyze the availability of official profiles of local self-government bodies on VKontakte social media and the number of their subscribers, as well as data on the number of participants in informal urban communities. We have revealed that this method of communication with the authorities is mostly used by residents of small settlements. Scientific significance of the study lies in determining the features of dissemination of various mechanisms of civic participation, depending on the type of city. Practical significance lies in the possibility of using our findings by the authorities in improving the policy of involving citizens in management processes.

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Features of socio-economic development of modern single-industry towns in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Features of socio-economic development of modern single-industry towns in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Baimurzina Guzel R., Kabashova Elena V.

Статья научная

Study and monitoring of the current condition of Russian single-industry towns are among the most relevant issues of the state’s socio-economic policy: especially within the implementation of national priority projects and the strategy of the spatial development. The purpose of the article is to define specifics of the socio-economic development of single-industry towns in the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of complex analysis of empirical data using sociological set of instruments. To achieve this goal, we conducted the analysis of the current state of social and labor sphere, sociological and statistical indicators of population’s living standards. We also studied demographic processes and trends of the Republic’s single-industry towns. The research of six single-industry towns (Blagoveshchensk, Uchaly, Neftekamsk, Belebey, Beloretsk, Kumertau) allowed us to define features of each territory and to rank them according to the level of the socio-economic welfare. The results differed from characteristics (categories) given in the latest list of Russian single-industry towns provided by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. According to updated data, only Neftekamsk could be called a town with the stable socio-economic situation. Blagoveshchensk, Uchaly, Belebey are at the risk of the socio-economic situation worsening. Beloretsk and Kumertau are among towns with the most difficult socio-economic conditions. Towns with high business potential were identified (Belebey, Beloretsk, Blagoveshchensk). However, this potential is usually implemented in the informal sector of the economy, which significantly worsenspopulation’ssocialwell-being. Businesspotentialofothertowns(Uchaly, Neftekamsk, Kumertau) is very low. In Uchaly and Kumertau, there are almost no employment alternatives: it defines citizens’ heavy dependence on the town-forming enterprise. At the same time, municipal authorities do not have an opportunity to change the socio-economic situation in towns. Usage of sociological instruments in the course of the research allowed us to reveal internal factors and features of single-industry towns’ development, which are manifested in the population’s life attitudes and social well-being, but they are not reflected by statistical indicators. Developed methodology might be used for complex studies of other Russian single-industry towns and the search for efficient strategy of their modernization.

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