Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1709
Статья научная
We make an attempt to substantiate the significance of creating institutional conditions for the development of nonprofit organizations; to this end, we identify social and economic impact of their activities on the regional economy. Using the synthesis of theoretical approaches to explaining the reasons for the emergence of the nonprofit sector (theory of interdependence and failure theory) and the results of content analysis of the projects supported by the Presidential Grants Foundation and submitted by socially oriented nonprofit organizations from the Volga Federal District, we identify directions and specify forms of leveling government failures. It was found that socially oriented nonprofit organizations focus on providing a range of services in the education system, health care and social support, which are of priority importance for the formation of people’s basic needs, which can be fulfilled by the state only to a certain limit, regardless of the territory of residence and taking into account residents’ individual needs. When assessing the effectiveness of their own work, representatives of socially oriented nonprofit organizations focus on its social significance, using mechanisms of point solutions to the current problems of the target audience. We identify the range of potential socio-economic effects from the activities of socially oriented nonprofit organization carried out on a systematic and long-term basis in the context of priority areas of their work. We emphasize that our approach, due to the formation of a unified view among economic agents (government, business, society and nonprofit organizations themselves), expands the idea of its importance for the region’s economy and may become a starting point for the creation of institutional conditions for the development of nonprofit organizations in Russia. The prospects for our future research include modeling the management system of specific regions of the Russian Federation based on the creation of institutional conditions to increase the contribution of socially oriented nonprofit organizations to the balanced development of territories.
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Effects of E-commerce on Export Trade: Spatial Panel Data Models for Regions of China
Статья научная
The primary goals of the paper are to examine the impact of e-commerce on export trade and to determine whether the level of e-commerce development has spatial spillover, siphoning, and threshold effects on export trade. The goals predetermined the choice of research methodology. This paper constructs the spatial lag model and threshold model based on the panel data of 31 China’s regions (provinces and other districts) from 2009 to 2022. The empirical results show a strong spatial autocorrelation and a robust spatial lag effect on the export trade in China. The improvement of the regional e-commerce level can directly promote the development of local export trade and has a significant positive spatial spillover effect, i.e., the improvement of the local e-commerce level can lead to the development of export trade in neighboring regions; there is no siphoning effect between provinces. According to the result of the threshold effect, there is a single-threshold effect of e-commerce on the impact of export trade, and the positive effect of different levels of e-commerce development on export trade is on an upward trend. The value of the research is a specific application of spatial regression modeling in empirical studies, and the findings provide insights for promoting the synergistic development of e-commerce and export trade
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Статья научная
The authors have performed a monitoring medico-sociological research aimed to study the system for organizing the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension (AH) at the territorial level. The survey was conducted among physicians in 2010. The results of this examination are presented as a set of filled-in expert assessment charts. The randomized sample (338 people) was effected by random selection. Sampling error does not exceed 5% (α = 0.95). The authors have analyzed the representative data in order to assess the quality of implementation of the program “Prevention and treatment of arterial hypertension in the Vologda Oblast population” and provide analytical support in management decision-making. The authors have also assessed the demographic and economic losses due to health deterioration caused by diseases of the circulatory system. In addition, the authors have proposed the measures to improve health care practices in order to enhance the efficiency of using people’s labor and life potential.
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Статья научная
The article presents a methodology for evaluating the efficiency of measures and tools of state policy in the field of science and technology. The approach was developed and tested in order to improve the mechanism for monitoring the achievement of strategic goals of Russia’s scientific and technological development discussed at the meeting of the Presidential Council for Science and Education on February 8, 2023. The implementation of this direction is of great importance for ensuring technological sovereignty of the country. In the course of the research we used general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis and generalization, observation, comparison, measurement, grouping. Statistical methods such as correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were also used to implement the main task. The assessment was carried out in three directions: effectiveness assessment, assessment of the growth rate of targets, and assessment of the relevance of measures and tools of state policy in the field of science and technology by the scientific community. Based on these criteria, a set of data and a conclusion on the efficiency of public policy tools and measures were formed. The results obtained indicate the average efficiency of the tools and measures of state policy in terms of their effectiveness and relevance. The growth rates of most indicators are characterized by negative dynamics. This is primarily due to the fact that during the second stage of the implementation of the scientific and technological development strategy, restrictions caused by coronavirus infection were introduced, and we should also point out an increase in sanctions pressure.
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Efficiency of the state's “manual” management. Challenges of 2020
Статья научная
The following materials logically continue the chief editor’s article «Another Step towardV. Putin’s “Long State”», which was published in the previous issue of the journal “Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast” (no.1, 2020). Basics of a new Russian statehood, which the President has been building for the last 20 years, are tested by epidemiological and socio-economic crises, caused by COVID-19 pandemic, and the drop of oil prices. Efficiency of the state’s “manual” management, which V. Putin has been implementing during all his presidential terms, is also going through challenges. The author’s position on the development of the political situation in the country, based on the analysis of facts, statistical data, results of population’s sociological surveys, and experts’ assessments, proceeds from the fact that, in a current difficult situation, the President personally (publicly, attracting expert community and general population) get “ahead of the curve” to maintain stability and provide conditions for the long-term implementation of the prospective political course of the country’s development. Such actions include timely initiation of the large-scale discussion and the adoption of the respective law on amending the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the provision of the ensured opportunity to continue national-oriented development course for the next 15 years at least. Thus, despite force majeure global circumstances and complicated domestic situation, the President takes steps aimed at the preservation and strengthening of the Russian statehood in the future. It once again shows the historical role of V. Putin and allows us to expect with cautious optimism the Russia’s “withdrawal” from the current situation without, at least, losses for national security and competitiveness while keeping prospects for further sustainable development.
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Статья научная
Along with the transition of the Russian economy to innovation development, the role of innovation entrepreneurship as a driver of intensive economic growth has significantly increased. This type of entrepreneurship provides regions with competitive advantages. The purpose of the study is to assess the extent of influence of innovation entrepreneurship on the level of economic development of Russian regions by testing the technique of regression analysis of panel data. In order to achieve this goal, we addressed the following tasks: first, we reviewed scientific papers that investigate the influence of the innovation factor (including innovation entrepreneurship) on the development of the regional economy; second, we selected and scientifically substantiated the choice of statistical indicators that reflect, on the one hand, the development of innovation entrepreneurship and on the other - the development of the economy of Russian regions; third, we analyzed the impact of innovation entrepreneurship on the economic development of Russian regions on the basis of the indicators selected and with the use of econometric tools. We applied the following scientific methods: systematization, generalization, study of literature, documents, and results of activities. We should separately highlight the method of mathematical modeling that we used to perform a regression analysis. The following results were obtained: first, on the basis of the review, we found that innovation entrepreneurship has a significant impact on the development of the economy of regions, especially during recession periods; second, the results of the regression analysis allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that innovation entrepreneurship should be considered a significant factor in economic development of Russian regions. We also revealed that in the conditions of the modern domestic economy, the technological component of innovation entrepreneurship (the essence of which is the development of innovative solutions) is the most prominent one.
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Electronic education and innovative economy development in Russia
Статья научная
Demand for education for human potential development in the innovation economy, demographic problems of Russian society and reforming the education system force to think about the development and introduction of new forms of learning. One of them is E-Learning. The concept of e-learning meets the new paradigm of “education through life”, and also it is the most effective tool for the development of information society and innovation-based economy.
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Elite economics and political instability
Статья научная
The article puts forward a new version of elite theory based on the use of a macroeconomic production function depending on the number of the elites and the masses. At the same time, the production function of the elites is complemented with the distribution function, which determines the income structure of social groups and the level of inequality. Combining the two sides of the activity of the elites allows us to design a simple typology of political situations in the country and highlight the regime of revolutionary situation. A formal analysis of the model of production activity of the elites has shown that the phenomenon of over-accumulation of the ruling class has a noticeable destructive impact on economic growth only after a severe drop in its functioning effectiveness. The very deterioration of the quality of the political elite allows an unjustified increase in its size to manifest itself. We consider generalizations of elite model in relation to the case of the middle class and show the invariance of the previously obtained conclusions. We provide an interpretation of the macro-theory of the elites for the mega-level, when studying the world economic system as a combination of the center, periphery and semi-periphery. We consider four dimensions of the elite, with system paradigms being a new element within these dimensions. The influence of external historical events on the worldview of the elites and their actions is revealed using the examples of the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire, the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of the fall of the U.S. hegemony. For the center - periphery system, we test the production model of the elites with the help of statistical data from the World Bank; we build econometric dependencies that show a decrease in the effectiveness of the United States in managing global production.
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Employee environmental responsibility: empirical analysis and typology
Статья научная
Environmental responsibility of employees is a key prerequisite for achieving environmental goals of an organization and improving its environmental performance at the managerial and executive levels. Forming environmental responsibility in employees requires an understanding of the mechanisms and drivers of individual environmental behavior that may differ considerably, depending on the environmentally significant professional and personal qualities that encourage their conscious manifestation at work. The purpose of our study is to provide theoretical and empirical substantiation of the types of employee environmental responsibility. Methodological basis for our work includes the concept of individual environmental responsibility and environmental behavior of employees. The empirical base of the study is formed by the data from a survey of employees at Russian pro-environmental enterprises of the oil and gas industry. According to the results of the cluster analysis of the data obtained, we reveal characteristics for the role models of environmental behavior and identify four types of employees: ecoconservatives, eco-pragmatists, eco-activists, eco-pro-activists, differing in the awareness and acceptance of the company’s environmental values, compliance with environmental requirements in work activities, interest in participating in additional environmental activities and initiative in addressing environmental issues. The results obtained can be used to study the nature of individual environmental behavior and environmental responsibility; they can be also useful for companies in developing and improving human resource management policies and practices aimed at employees’ environmental development. The main limitation is the fact that we have chosen major oil and gas industry enterprises as the object of research, and they have a highly developed environmental policy, environmental management and the practice of environmental development of personnel; this narrows the significance of the results obtained within one industry, not allowing us to draw generalized conclusions and give practical recommendations.
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Статья научная
The work investigates employment risks for households with children in the new conditions of Russia’s development amid the special military operation, unprecedented external sanctions pressure at the stage of transition to the country’s sovereign development. The study is based on the findings obtained during a specially organized expert survey in 2023, the data of which were supplemented by an analysis of the results of monitoring state and non-state surveys and other sources. The work reveals and ranks, taking into account their importance, groups of risks in the field of employment, identified from the point of view of the “contour” of their conditioning (internal risks, related to the ongoing special military operation, and external risks). We name specific risks in the field of employment that can lead to a decrease in the level and quality of employment (including a decrease in income) in households with children and, as a result, a decline in their standard of living; these risks are ranked in terms of relevance. The obtained research results may be in demand for the development of state policy in relation to families with children, employment policy, and improving the standard of living, including within the framework of the national project “Family” and other long-term program-targeted and integrated management tools. Directions for further research are related to supplementing the list of identified risks and in-depth studies of their “carriers” (socio-demographic and other features) in households with children, the impact of risks, taking into account the concentration of risks and the number of their “carriers” on the employment situation and standard of living in various types of households.
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Employment strategy of the Russians
Статья научная
During the crisis it is especially important to choose a correct employment strategy. Every employee uses an employment strategy, as he/she selects the direction of long-term employment consciously or intuitively. The choice of strategy is determined by a number of factors shaping the person's attitudes: health, character, upbringing, education, social environment, institutional environment. The employment strategies of the young people newly entering the labor market differ from lab our strategies of workers. Young people do not have such experience and can plan their life “from scratch”. The Soviet specialists, people who started their career in the planned economy, have their own features of employment strategies. The article describes employment strategies of the Russians.
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Energy efficient lighting as a transition from incandescent lamps to light-emitting diode solutions
Статья научная
Energy efficiency and energy saving are the national objectives set by the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry A. Medvedev. One of the lines of state policy is application of energy saving technologies to lighting. In this regard, the article analyzes the phased measures taken to replace incandescent lamps with energy efficient lamps, including the national development of the energy effective substitutes and the use of technical regulation mechanisms and quality control of the products delivered to the market.
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Energy-intensity factors in the Komi Republic's economy
Статья научная
In the article the analysis of energy efficiency of the regional economy are presented for a purpose to indentified quality characteristics its dynamics and factors of relatively low level. Application of comparative statistics and regression analysis methods made it possible to estimate the impact of the most important factors. Results shown that high level of energy intensity was due to “northern” economy and industry specialization. A main factor of energy-intensity dynamics was scale effect of economy production. Structural and technological trends of energy-saving were not found. Selection of energy efficiency index as indicators of quality regional development requires monitoring and analysis of energy-economic dependency, improving information basis.
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Engineering and siting of new industries in the Komi Republic (experimental approach)
Статья научная
The socio-economic development of the Komi Republic largely depends on timely structural transformation of production based on innovative technologies and the territorial organization of the economy relative to the northern environmental conditions. In this context, the background and prospects of an experimental scientific approach to the development and processing of mineral and biological resources are considered. The enterprises that have played a driving role in solving technical problems relevant to the country and in developing new research areas in the past are highlighted. Syktyvkar pilot shipbuilding yard has developed a technique for timber bundling and lifting sunken timber from the river-bed. Ukhta radiochemical plant in Vodny village was the only enterprise in the world where radium was isolated from mineralized groundwater; in fact, radiogeochemistry of groundwater originated here. At the Yarega oil and titanium deposit, thermoshaft extraction of the heavy high-viscosity oil was used for the first time and an attempt is being made to extract titanium from complex ores. The future of the republic’s economy is connected with the development and implementation of technologies for hydrocarbon chemistry, physico-chemical geotechnology, and organic chemistry. It is proposed to create experimental scientific enterprises and site them according to the issues of the Pechersk coal basin, the Arctic Ural and the Sysolo-Vychegodsky forest economic region. To successfully resolve these issues, a national-economy approach is required, in which the key driver of new industries development is a government order for programs and projects of a full investment cycle, including enterprise institutions. The novelty of the presented research lies in the development of methods for introducing scientific results into the practical economic activity by combining experimental scientific and common economic activities, taking into account the environmental conditions of the northern and arctic territories
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Enhancing the efficiency of dairy farming through improving the regional system of fodder production
Статья научная
Addressing the issue of increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding, increasing the volume of milk and dairy products is closely linked to the strengthening and development of fodder supplies. The State program of agriculture development and regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2013-2020 implemented in the Vologda Oblast, as well as other legal documents do not fully promote intensive fodder production. This results in poorly developed meadow and field fodder production, fodder crop breeding and fodder seed production, harvesting, storage, and use of fodder negatively affects the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding in general and determines the range of the existing system problems. In this regard, the purpose for the research is to develop and scientifically substantiate the ways of improving the system of fodder production to increase the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding in the region. In accordance with the intended purpose we have met a set of objectives...
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Entrepreneurial ability assessment of the population
Статья научная
The article describes able-bodied citizens’ qualitative adjectives which from the point of entrepreneurs and the whole population view are necessary to conduct business successful. Potential entrepreneurial ability index is offered on which basis entrepreneurial ability assessment of the Vologda region population is given. Groups with potentially high entrepreneurial ability are marked out in the article.
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Статья научная
The article describes the experience gained in Ji'an County (Ji'an Prefecture-Level City, Jiangxi Province) on the implementation of policies aimed to alleviate poverty through the implementation of the “Four-One” Industry Targeted Poverty Alleviation Project including 1) “Pomelo of One Mu for One Household”, 2) “Hengjiang Grape of One Mu for One Household”,3) “One Chicken Coop for One Household”, and 4) “One Post in the Park for One Household”. It is proved that households that implement such projects can get out of poverty. The goal of the study is to help people living in poverty get out of it, and to help the poor county become richer. The author relies on the idea that is developing in modern social science and that deals with the structural poverty typical of different historical eras and economic paradigms1. In this case, the following types of structural poverty are distinguished: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial poverty. The preindustrial type accompanies pre-capitalist development of society...
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Статья научная
The concept of sustainable development adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was a turning point in the understanding of the importance of “natural capital”, when emphasis on ecosystem services was marked. An important step in the development of the practical use of the concept of ecosystem services was the decision, which is based on three principles: recognition of the ecosystem value; carrying out its economic assessment and the development of mechanisms accounting for these benefits. The article presents the ecological and economic assessment of water regulating function of the northern region on the basis of methodology of Yu.V. Lebedev and I.A. Neklyudov based on the evaluation of average annual growth rate of groundwater flow of forested watersheds. The region is situated in the natural zones of tundra and taiga. As for taiga forests, their precipitation joins groundwater flow during the period of summer and autumn rains. The differentiation of the value of groundwater flow is determined by the topography, forest cover, wetlands and characteristics of timber stands...
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