Статьи журнала - Arctic and North
Все статьи: 972
International environmental cooperation in the Arctic
Статья научная
Key challenges and threats to the Arctic environment are associated with progressive pollution and degradation of environmental components in the face of increasing anthropogenic load, the accumulation of waste, climate change and others. International cooperation in the field of envi-ronmental safety, unprecedented speed and energy cooperation in the Arctic can serve as a positive example and a lesson for humanity. An important role in environmental cooperation play an international environmental organization, the Arctic Council, states. On the con-Jania cooperation affects contradictory trends determining the current state of international co-relations. It is concluded that joint efforts need to create a system of global interaction, which, taking into account the interests of all parties, would be enabled to make rational use of natural resources in the Arctic.
Бесплатно
International shipping routes for cargo transportation in the Arctic
Статья научная
The main purpose of the article is to study the problems of the functioning and competition of sea routes of cargo transportation in the Arctic region. Methodologically, the work is of a research nature within the framework of the global integrated and northern regional studies, based on interdisciplinarity and complexity. A complex of interdisciplinary tasks is synthesized: to show, against the background of the history of the development of the water area of the northern seas, begun in the era of Velikiy Novgorod, the priority of Russians in the Arctic; the geopolitical and economic significance of the new projects of the Northern Sea Transport Corridor (SMTC), the National Arctic Transport Line (NATL) at the present time; to reveal the presence of many actors in the Arctic region of planet Earth. Operating water area of the Northern Sea Route in 2012-2020 based on legislative acts 1998, 1999, 2012. And while it does not provide a significant share of international transit, it is developing as an internal sea route. The article analyzes the literature of domestic and foreign authors and primary sources, including: Novgorod Chronicles, cartography, current legal acts, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation and departmental documents of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for the development of the Far East and the Arctic, FSBI “Administration of the Northern Sea Route”, directorates Northern Sea Route of Rosatom State Corporation, International Monetary Fund (June 24, 2020), China White Book (2018), the Polar Silk Road project, etc. The plurality of sea routes for cargo transportation in the Arctic along the coast of Russia, off the coast of Canada, the Arctic Bridge, the Trans-Arctic sea route, the Polar Silk Road of China; modernization of the NSR infrastructure; implementation of investment projects of the oil and gas and mining complex of global significance generates new challenges and opportunities for the development of the Russian Arctic.
Бесплатно
Internationalization of vocational education in the Arctic council member-states’ universities
Статья научная
Nowadays, the potential for international cooperation in the Arctic is concentrated within the framework of such an influential international structure as the Arctic Council, where Russia is presiding over soon in 2021-2023. The article is devoted to international cooperation evaluation of 15 Arctic universities from 7 Arctic Council member-states with a student contingent of at least 3,600 people (2 in the USA, 1 in Iceland, 5 in Russia, 2 in Finland, 2 in Sweden, 2 in Norway, 1 in Canada). It seems possible to evaluate international cooperation potential between Arctic universities through the prism of 10 quantitative indicators, including the number of international students admitted to the university; number of courses taught in English; number of educational programs for international students; a number of foreign scientists invited to the university, etc. We can evaluate both academic mobility within the Arctic universities and vocational education internationalization due to accumulated statistical data.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
In this special section of journal “Arctic and North” renowned and younger scholars from Finland and Norway take on the topic of research on the Sámi, from the era of “Lappology” to the era of “Sámi research”. The focus in the articles varies between research history, historiography and history of science. Thematically, the articles range from longer overviews of the historical evolution and transformation of “Lappology” in their national settings to more focused articles on individual scholars, as well as an article on Sámi historiography with a methodological approach. Two articles focus on the genesis of more culturally sensitive Sámi research.
Бесплатно
Is It Possible to Change Arctic Fish Pricing?
Статья научная
The purpose of the article is to show the necessity of reducing wholesale domestic prices for Arctic fish and to propose economic methods for solving this problem. The relevance is associated with an unreasonable increase in wholesale prices, which are the basis of retail prices, resulting in a decrease in the consumption of local fish. The increase in wholesale prices of fisheries in 2014-2015 and in the subsequent period is analyzed. The fundamentals of the world doctrines of cost and value are given, and the absence of factors to justify the increase in wholesale prices on the basis of the labor theory of value is shown. The data on the unreasonably close relationship between wholesale prices for fish in the domestic market of Russia and the exchange prices at which fish products exported to the European Union countries are presented. The possibility of reducing wholesale domestic prices by increasing the supply of fish to the domestic market of Russia in order to achieve the threshold values of the figures indicated in the Doctrine of Food Security is shown. In order to replace exchange foreign prices used in the domestic market of Russia, the need to develop a methodology for determining wholesale prices for the main types of Arctic fish, primarily currency-intensive ones, is substantiated.
Бесплатно
Is the Extraction of Fossil Mammoth Bone a Form of Traditional Nature Management?
Статья научная
This article is devoted to solving the question of whether it is possible to consider the extraction of mammoth bone as one of the types of traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North. The solution to the problem is considered on the part of three criteria — the formation of a tradition of economic activity within an ethnic group, the focus of economic activity on use for their own needs, a balanced approach ensuring sustainable environmental management. As a result, the author concludes that the extraction of mammoth bone is a type of activity that cannot be called fully consistent with the criteria for traditional nature management. At the same time, in the article, the author proposes to consider broader the concept of traditional nature management in the modern capitalist world, supplementing it with a view from the world-system analysis of the dichotomy of traditional and capitalist society.
Бесплатно
Is the arctic on the brink of a hybrid war?
Статья научная
The article examines the phenomenon of hybrid war in relation to Arctic politics. The goal of the study is to show how valid this concept is, who Western experts consider the main source of hybrid threats, and what they consider hybrid threats in the Arctic. The empirical grounds of the study are documents of international organizations and publications of Western authors. A critical analysis of documents and publications shows the concept of hybrid war was introduced into scientific circulation by the military, but it is also used in a broader meaning. Military experts have not yet come up with a clear definition of hybrid war. Representatives of political science use the concept of hybrid war in an even more amorphous meaning, which leads to its unlimited expansion. Based on specific examples, it is shown that any manifestations of Russian politics potentially fall under the concept of hybrid threats, which is conducive to the creation of political mythology that covers up the political goals of Western opponents. There is no consensus in Western publications regarding the productivity of the concepts of hybrid threats and hybrid wars, but a more common radical point of view, which limits down to the imposition of confrontational relations in the Arctic and in international politics in general.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, local communities have been adapting to new political and socioeconomic realities. These changes have prompted dramatic outmigration among rural populations, es-pecially in the Russian Arctic. Despite these changes, some communities remain viable, with some residents exploring new economic opportunities. This study uses findings from qualitative interviews to understand what factors shape community viability, interviewing residents and relevant regional stakeholders in two case areas in the Arkhangelsk oblast: the Solovetsky Archipelago in the White Sea and islands in the delta of the Northern Dvina River. The results indicate that community viability and the reluctance of community mem-bers to leave their traditional settlements are shaped by livelihoods, employment opportunities, and social capital. Social capital is characterized by such empirically identified factors as shared perceptions of change and a willingness to address changes, place attachment, and local values. We conclude that further develop-ment or enhancement of community viability and support for local livelihoods also depends on 1) bottom-up initiatives of engaged individuals and their access to economic support and 2) top-down investments that contribute to local value creation and employment opportunities.
Бесплатно
Issues of Application of the Customs Procedure of a Free Customs Zone in the Arctic
Статья научная
The current regulation provides for the possibility of creating special (free) zones and equivalent territories (hereinafter — SEZ) in the Arctic (territories of advanced development and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation). Within the framework of SEZs, the customs procedure of a free customs zone (hereinafter — FCZ) can be applied, which provides opportunities to conduct economic activities with foreign goods without paying customs duties. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of applying the customs procedure of a free customs zone in the Arctic. The following research methods were used in the preparation of the article: economic, analytical methods, method of comparison and generalization. This simplification can be demanded by Russian organizations — residents (participants) of the territories of advanced development and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The proposed article is devoted to the consideration of the mechanisms of the above-mentioned simplifications provided for the residents of the “Arctic” SEZ. At the same time, the application of the customs procedure of FCZ in the SEZ territories is an important tool of the state economic policy, designed to ensure the creation of comfortable conditions for taxation of foreign goods. Issues related to the status of goods manufactured in SEZs using foreign goods that are placed under the FCZ customs procedure are largely related to Russia’s international obligations underlying the current regulation. In practice, the set of legally established simplifications analyzed in the article creates conditions for more effective activity of SEZ residents.
Бесплатно
Itelmeni - are of the most ancient population on the planet
Статья научная
Analyzed the following factors: 1) the time of the birth of the Itelmens, their ancestral home, belonging to a group of languages, 2) check the specified region 3) religious beliefs, customs and traditions, arts and crafts 4) the social organization of the society. Attention is paid to the process of assimilation itelmens in Russian culture, the perspectivs for its survival.
Бесплатно
Joe Biden and Donald Trump’s Rhetoric on the Arctic
Статья научная
This paper examines the evolution of US Arctic policy by comparing the approaches of the Trump and Biden administrations. An analysis of The New York Times shows that Trump shifted the focus from the traditional balance of interests to economic development, especially oil and gas production in Alaska, including drilling in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge. His administration justified this by economic benefits and the need to compete with Russia, planning infrastructure development, including the construction of icebreakers. The media image of Trump’s policy reflected a pragmatic and unilateral approach, putting economic interests above environmental issues and international cooperation. Despite participating in the Arctic Council, Trump preferred bilateral negotiations, while proposals such as the purchase of Greenland undermined international trust. Militarization of the region to contain Russia and China was presented as a necessary measure. Biden, despite his declared commitment to international cooperation and the environmental agenda, continued Trump’s confrontational course towards Russia and China, expressing concern about their activities in the region and using hostile rhetoric. Although the 2021 summit with Putin demonstrated a willingness to engage in dialogue on security and climate issues, mistrust persisted and was exacerbated by subsequent geopolitical events.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The article presents a scientific approach to the actual problem of the formation of a full-fledged economic potential (industrial and consumer) of the agro-industrial complex of the northern regions. The key premise of the study is that the content of the economic potential makes it possible to identify not only the dynamics of the accumulation of production capacities, but also to determine the trends and prospects for socio-economic, environmental, infrastructural, demographic and market transformations. The principle of conducting a systematic analysis of the state, composition and structure of the agro-industrial complex of the regions of the North of potential was chosen as the main prerequisite for the study. The most reliable method that reveals the directions of the prospective development of the agro-industrial complex of the regions of the North is a retrospective analysis of the state of their technical, economic and other indicators. Given the interrelated and interdependent properties of the economic potential, it is proposed to develop the production and consumer potentials of the agro-industrial complex of the regions of the North in a single context of relevant economic relations and development strategies. Emphasis should be placed on the constant renewal of the elements of the economic potential of the agro-industrial complex of the Northern regions. An important role in increasing the economic potential of the agro-industrial complex of the Northern regions should be played by the formation of regular state financial, economic, legal and other support for the agro-industrial complex of the regions of the North. The long-term strategic line for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the regions of the North should be determined not only by the level of production and sales of marketable products, but also by the combination of state and non-state program measures into a clear and coordinated effective system of strategic measures. It is recommended to regularly transform the elemental structures of the agro-industrial complex of the Northern regions from a passive state into an active carrier of intellectual capital, fixed assets and investments.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Migration issues are considered through the stratification and globalization approaches. Emphasizing the importance of the classic theories, the author reviews the key studies of migration, as well as the empirical projects implemented by various research centers. Theoretical statements are supported by the analysis of statistics on migration in the Circumpolar region. The article is aimed to demonstrate the heuristic possibilities of solving the urgent problems of migration in the Arctic.
Бесплатно
Key trends of investment development in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in 2008–2017
Статья научная
This article is devoted to the study of the investments and their transformation in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the conditions of the crisis of the last decade. Current studies indicate the occurred as a result of economic shocks aimed at the implementation of the state Arctic policy, as well as the need for financial and technological constraints that require a retrospective analysis of investment activity in the Arctic zone. The study of investments in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in 2008-2017 has four stages identified: 2008–2010; 2011–2012; 2013–2014; 2015–2017. One may see that investments in the Russian Federation are due to quite sharp fluctuations and their uneven distribution across regions. The most significant volumes of Russian investments in the first phase were typical for regions partially located in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, and now — for entirely Arctic areas. The same situation was until 2014 with foreign investments in the Arctic. However, after the start of the “sanctions war,” we observed a turning point. Foreign investments in the Arctic areas of the Russian Federation significantly decreased. The decline continues to this day. Predicted options for further investment development in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation have an adverse scenario for the national economy.
Бесплатно
Labor Market Features in the Russian North: Employment, Wages and the Role of Northern Allowances
Статья научная
This article focuses on the labor market in the Russian northern regions. The labor market in the Russian North was formed due to the state policy of the no longer existing state, aimed at the active attraction of migrants from other territories for the industrial development of the country. This policy of attracting migrant labor in the state was implemented mainly through the creation of the institution of wages, which provided additional northern payments to the salary, designed to compensate for the discomfort of living and working conditions in the North. This led to an increase in employment in the North. The research goal is to study the formation and development of the wage institution, as well as to determine the impact of wages on employment in modern conditions. The article presents the history of formation of the institution of wages in the Russian North. The dynamics of labour market indicators is given, the change in the ratio of wages in the North is presented, based on official statistical data over the past 15 years. The results of the study show that the northern territories have problems of the labor market that have arisen in recent decades: high levels of unemployment, reduced employment, and wages, once being a significant factor, had a positive impact on employment, but today contribute to the decline in the economic attractiveness of life in the North.
Бесплатно
Labor Potential of the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
Demographic and migratory processes are analyzed, as well as the effect of low life level on the development of labor potential of the regions of the Russian Arctic
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Svalbard, despite its remoteness from the mainland and traditional routes of communication, is an Arctic territory that has been attracting the attention of various countries and peoples for several centuries. In the 18th - first half of the 19th century, the archipelago was actively developed by Pomors, engaged in mammal hunting there. In the 19th century, Norwegians revealed their economic interest in Svalbard. Historical studies have repeatedly examined the cases of contacts between Pomors and Norwegians during mammal hunting expeditions to Svalbard, but none of the authors have studied the language contacts between Pomors and Norwegians during the development of Svalbard. The authors used an interdisciplinary approach and analyzed documentary and literary sources to formulate a hypothesis about the practice of Pomor-Norwegian contacts, incl. those in Russenorsk. The study presents a new issue for scientific discussions by both historians and linguists, which can serve as a basis for the development of international cooperation between Norway and Russia.
Бесплатно
Learning about the Arctic and the Russian North (Experience of Distance Schools)
Статья научная
The article describes the experience of seasonal language and culture schools organized for foreign students at the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. One of the factors that attract participants is the Arctic component in the program content, acquaintance with nature, culture, customs and modern life of the Russian North. The pandemic situation made only a distance format of such schools possible. At the same time, the task of preserving the cultural specificity realized in the activity component was solved. The authors described the main content components of the program of the School of Russian Language and Culture related to the topic of the North and the Arctic: video tours of Solovki, the Museum “Malye Korely”, city tours (videos about Arkhangelsk), texts about Arctic research and travelling to the Arctic, “Northern text” of Russian literature, video lectures and master classes. It is emphasized that the images of the Arctic and the Russian North are the conceptual core of the content of remote seasonal schools. The next distance school of Russian Language and Culture is announced.
Бесплатно
Legal Ecological Protection of the Lena River
Статья научная
The aim of the work is to study the legislative framework for the protection of the Lena River. The article discusses actual problems related to the ecology of the Lena River. A brief analysis of the current ecological state of the Lena River basin is made. Mining, industrial development of deposits, operation of oil storage facilities and settlements located in coastal areas lead to pollution of the river with various harmful impurities. The unique natural conditions and wealth of natural resources of the northern territories require the adoption of all possible methods of protecting the unique ecosystem. Legal protection should be a priority measure in preserving the ecology of the Lena River basin. An overview of federal regulatory and legislative documents on the protection of water bodies is provided. It is shown that the legislative framework for the protection of the Lena River has not been formed and is in the process of formation. The paper proposes the creation of comprehensive environmental legislation to preserve the nature of the Lena River basin. The basis for the legislative protection of the Lena River is the strategic provisions of federal laws on water bodies. The article outlines the main measures to preserve the ecological state of the river for future generations. The need to increase humanity’s responsibility for preserving the environment is noted. The above circumstance makes it relevant to attract public attention to the development of programs to preserve the ecological state of the Lena River.
Бесплатно
Legal measures of protection of water bioresources of the Arctic region
Статья научная
In article the questions connected with a general characteristic of the operating faunistic legislation regarding protection of water biological resources are considered. In connection with a wide circulation of environmental problems including in the Arctic region questions of protection of the given kind of natural resources are very actual. The author analyses existing system of sources in the field of rational use and protection of water bioresources, concrete norms of the right are resulted and characterized.
Бесплатно
