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Бюллетень науки и практики @bulletennauki
Статьи журнала - Бюллетень науки и практики
Все статьи: 7472
Comprehensive Analysis of the Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Celiac Disease
Статья научная
Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals following the ingestion of gluten, a protein complex found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is primarily characterized by an abnormal adaptive immune response, leading to inflammation and structural damage in the small intestine. The hallmark pathological feature of the disease is villous atrophy—flattening and shortening of the intestinal villi—alongside crypt hyperplasia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis, all of which contribute to impaired nutrient absorption and the clinical manifestation of malabsorption syndrome. At the molecular level, gluten is incompletely digested in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the accumulation of immunogenic proline- and glutamine-rich peptides. These peptides are further modified by the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) through deamidation, enhancing their affinity for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules on antigen-presenting cells in the intestinal mucosa. This interaction stimulates the activation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells, which secrete proinflammatory cytokines and recruit other immune cells, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. Additionally, patients with celiac disease develop circulating autoantibodies against tTG, which are used as diagnostic markers. While the cornerstone of treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet, adherence can be challenging, and accidental exposure remains a common problem. As a result, current research is increasingly focused on developing alternative or adjunctive therapies, including enzyme supplementation, zonulin pathway blockers, and immunomodulatory agents, which aim to improve intestinal barrier function or regulate the immune response. These approaches offer promising avenues for more comprehensive disease management in the future.
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Статья научная
This study assessed the ecological status of the Shahagachi coastal area (Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea) using fish as bioindicators. The study was conducted on 16 specimens of mullet (Liza saliens) and 15 specimens of kutum (Rutilus frisii cutum). A comprehensive approach was employed to evaluate the condition of the fish, including a genotoxic analysis based on nuclear aberrations in erythrocytes and a histopathological analysis of the gills. The genotoxic analysis revealed pathologies in fish erythrocytes such as nuclear deformation, invagination, and displacement, and in some cases, micronuclei. However, the level of detected pathological cells in the blood of mullet (1.65±0.06%) and kutum (2.12±0.18%) remained within the physiological reference range (<5%). Histological examination of the gills of both species showed protective and adaptive changes, such as hyperplasia, curvature, and fusion of secondary lamellae, and an uneven distribution of secondary lamellar hyperplasia; parasitic infestations were also detected.An integrated assessment of the results indicated that the studied fish populations are experiencing a state of mild physiological stress. It was concluded that the environmental conditions in the Shahagachi area, while not causing critical damage, create unfavorable background conditions for aquatic organisms, which underscores the need for further monitoring to prevent ecosystem degradation.
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Статья научная
Seasonal influenza remains a persistent global health challenge, characterized by the virus’s rapid evolution through antigenic drift and the complex human behaviors that drive transmission. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the 2024–2025 influenza season, anchored by a cross-sectional Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey of 578 respondents. The research aims to evaluate public understanding of influenza virology, assess vaccination uptake, and identify barriers to effective prevention. Results indicate a significant “knowledge-behavior gap.” While 84.2% of participants correctly identified the influenza virus and 82% understood respiratory transmission, these insights did not translate into consistent best practices. A critical “Antibiotic Paradox” was observed: although 69.9% of respondents knew antibiotics are ineffective against viral flu, 25.1% reported self-medicating with them immediately upon symptom onset. Vaccination coverage in the cohort was 51.6%, with hesitancy primarily driven by fear of side effects (18.3%), needle phobia (18.3%), and a lack of provider recommendation (16.6%). This review concludes that while health literacy regarding the biological nature of influenza is high, public health strategies must pivot from pure education to behavioral intervention—specifically targeting antibiotic stewardship and addressing the physical and psychological barriers to vaccination.
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Статья научная
Background: Since its emergence in late 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has fundamentally altered global health landscapes. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the etiology, complex pathogenesis, evolving diagnostic modalities, and updated therapeutic strategies, with a focus on post-pandemic management and Long COVID. A narrative review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and WHO repositories. Data regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical guidelines published between January 2020 and late 2024 were analyzed. The virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor for entry, triggering a dysregulated immune response (cytokine storm) and coagulopathy. Diagnostic techniques have evolved from standard RT-PCR to rapid molecular assays and AI-assisted imaging. Treatment has shifted from supportive care to targeted antivirals and immunomodulators. While acute mortality has decreased due to vaccination and population immunity, the focus must now shift to managing endemic transmission and the chronic sequelae known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).
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Comprehensive teaching of subjects in the lower grades of the school
Статья научная
Techniques are considered on how to teach the Kyrgyz language, how to enhance the activities and skills of students. It is recommended to integrate the study of the alphabet with teaching in other academic subjects and the use of different methods in teaching. It is concluded that if the teacher conducts a lesson with research in accordance with his skills, then the lessons of the past will be better absorbed.
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Статья научная
The questions of using computer technology in teaching and learning English language are considered. Computer technology presents a special communication environment between people. The environment includes the representations of different nations, ages, professions irrespective of their location.
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Concept of “ай”/“moon’’ in Kyrgyz and English anthroponyms
Статья научная
This article examines the concept of “Ай”/”Moon” in Kyrgyz and English anthroponyms. The relevance of the work lies in the study of the concept of the celestial body in the comparative aspect of the mentioned languages. The proper name is derived from the complex of factors that constitute the structure of the society of the native speakers of a given language and therefore it is an excellent object within the framework of the study of the concept. In the course of the analysis, a qualitative method was applied, which revealed that the concept of the moon is more expressed in Kyrgyz anthroponyms regardless of gender and in various combinations, while in English anthroponyms the concept appears indirectly reflecting the influence of Greek and Roman mythology.
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Статья научная
Concepts and categories are fundamental to human cognition, allowing individuals to organize and interpret vast amounts of information efficiently. This article explores the cognitive processes involved in concept formation, including perception, categorization, and conceptualization. It examines key theories such as prototype theory, exemplar theory, and the classical view of concepts. Additionally, the role of perception in concept formation is analyzed, highlighting its influence on cognitive development. The interdisciplinary nature of concept formation, integrating insights from psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience, is emphasized. Understanding concept formation is crucial for fields such as education, artificial intelligence, and communication, providing insights into human learning, problem-solving, and cognitive development.
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Conceptual principles of setting up economic security
Статья научная
The article provides an overview of setting up economic security of enterprise. The author analyzes the goal, functions, group of measures and outlines the targets and factors of setting up enterprise economic security. The model of setting up economic security of enterprise is represented. The essence of the economic security of the enterprise is defined in the work from the positions of the system approach, the author’s definition of the economic safety of the enterprise is formulated. The category “economic security” at the national and sectoral levels is specified, which explains their interdependence in the process of forming the economic security of the enterprise. The formation of the components of the economic security of an enterprise based on such internal components of economic security as financial, intellectual-personnel, information, resource, technical and technological, power and external-political, legal, market, interface, and environmental, is considered. A model for the formation of the economic security of an enterprise is developed, based on eight successive stages aimed at identifying internal and external threats to the economic security of an enterprise by assessing it for elements to preserve and multiply the economic resources of the enterprise, to prevent crises in a timely manner and to neutralize negative factors. The problems of formation of economic security of food industry enterprises, microclimate and their institutional provision are reflected. A method for assessing the level of economic security of food industry enterprises is proposed, which is based on assessing the level of the components of the formation of the economic security of the enterprise and determining the integral index. The mechanism for the formation of the economic security of the enterprise was developed and proposed, including measures of state regulation that affect the organization of economic security, the creation of socio-economic, organizational and legal conditions for effective reproduction, development and use of the scientific and technological potential of the food industry, the introduction of modern environmentally friendly energy - and resource-saving technologies, production and sale of new types of competitive products.
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Conclusions of botanical research. Discussion and analysis of the results obtained
Отчет
This scientific research presents the studies conducted from 2021 to 2025 and the results obtained from those studies. The materials of the research obtained in different years can be used in the teaching of "Systematics of Higher Plants", "Systematics of Plants", "Medicinal Plants of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic", and "Local Flora" courses in the Master's and Doctoral programs at the Biology and Biology Teaching specialties.
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Статья научная
The article presents the results of an online survey conducted with teachers and parents of students in a multicultural environment in a Bulgarian school abroad. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for the formation of the communication and speech competencies of students in the period of literacy development in schools located outside Bulgaria, where the Bulgarian language is taught.
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Constitutional principles of the judiciary of the Republic of Karakalpakstan
Статья научная
Article discusses provisions that indicate that in order to determine the fundamental principles of the judiciary, it is necessary to study the system of principles on which it is based. As the most general provisions expressing the essence and content of the phenomenon under study, the principles of the judicial system reflect the nature of the judiciary and the level of legal development of society. The status of the judiciary is revealed, first of all, by formulating the principles of its implementation.
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Construction and analysis of LNG cold energy utilization system
Статья научная
The theme of this research is the intermediate fluid vaporizer (IFV) gasification system for an offshore liquefied natural gas floating storage regasification unit (LNG-FSRU). Based on reducing the loss of heat exchange and improve the cold energy utilization, an LNG cold energy utilization system combined with Rankine cycle power generation and desalination is proposed. On this basis, six different schemes of working medium combination are simulated and analyzed, and the optimal scheme of working medium combination is found. The results show that the net output power of the system is 5591 kw, and the system exergy efficiency is 30.38%. The annual economic benefit is CNY 39.4 million.
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Contemporary situation of the Rosaceae family tree crops in the Nakhchivan flora
Статья научная
The presented article provides information on tree crops of the Rosaceae family, distributed in the Nakhchivan flora. During the comparative analysis of the collected actual materials and literature sources, it was determined that 20 cultivated species of the Rosaceae family are found in the studied area. In the article, based on the actual materials collected during the research conducted in the territory of the Nakhchivan at different times, detailed information on the prospects for the use of tree crops of the Rosaceae family is reflected. At the same time, extensive information is provided on the distributing places of the existing crops species, the possibilities of their use in scientific and folk medicine.
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Content and forms of informal economy as an object of institutional analysis
Статья научная
The article analyzes informal economy as a category of the economic science in terms of its content and existing forms from the standpoint of institutional economics. It is substantiated that the institutional approach is a logical step in the analysis of informal economy, which appeared after classical and neoclassical methods. Existing definitions and forms of informal economy are analyzed, complemented and summarized. Important characteristics of informal economy, directly manifesting in its current forms, are distinguished. Ways of improving the effectiveness of government rules are offered.
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Cooperation as a basis for increasing the economic efficiency in protected cultivation of vegetables
Статья научная
The main task of the greenhouse economy is to provide the population with fresh vegetables in the winter season period. Therefore, the cultivation of vegetable crops in protected soil differs significantly from the cultivation of many other crops. The content of the protected soil is justified only under conditions of high-intensity production and the costs of creating and operating a capital greenhouse facility, material costs for their heat supply, electricity. Work in greenhouses is associated with increased the need for skilled and auxiliary labor. The greenhouse production of Uzbekistan is mainly concentrated near large settlements. The industry allows you to receive from the sale of fresh vegetables at least 60% of cash proceeds, over 95% of the total profit of the economy, and the level of profitability from the sale products from year to year increased. The article draws attention to possible reserves of cost savings in the protected cultivation of vegetables.
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Corporate governance development trends, models and features in Uzbekistan
Статья научная
This paper describes the corporate governance models used in developed countries, and about opportunities of applying them in Uzbekistan. It also depicts the features and trends of Uzbek corporate governance developmen
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Статья научная
The article introduces corpus-based DDL (Data-driven Learning) technologies in teaching ESP (English for Specific Purposes). The aim of the author is twofold: to offer English language teachers to design grammatical and lexical activities to develop senior students’ research writing skill and to assist senior students to construct scholarly field-related sentences. For the purpose of the study, the author used a mini manually compiled corpus of robotics, one of the branches of mechanical engineering and demonstrated practical instructions of corpus-based grammatical and lexical insights with DDL technologies. In spite of some limitations and future research, the findings of the study can contribute language teachers to develop senior students’ productive (writing) skills via designing corpus-based data driven materials as well as improve students to construct grammatically and lexically correct sentences for succeeding in their further research and career growth.
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Corpus-based study of engineering terms: linguistic and pedagogical implications
Статья научная
The article discusses the corpus study of engineering terms for linguistic research - the extraction and classification of terms identified by the frequency of words in the corpus and pedagogical implications - the application of effective results to the teaching and learning of engineering terms in engineering universities of Uzbekistan. In the course of the study, computer programs AntGorGen were used to create the target corpus and AntConc for analyzing the lexis of research articles. This article offers further corpus-based studies with consideration of the acquiring and comprehension of engineering terms for developing engineering students’ research skills.
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Статья научная
The results of a long-term study of biological and economic indicators of new apple breeding varieties, including the number of fruits, fruit weight, yield and comparative economic evaluation of the variety, are presented. Selected by a set of valuable traits for widespread introduction into industrial gardens varieties: Nigar, Zaka, Zafar, Udvi, Watan, Emil, Elvin, Sevinj, Gobustan, Gyzyl taj, Mahmari, Sadaf, Sahil and Shabran.
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