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Статья научная
Vicia faba L. Plant was grown in a pot experiment to study the positive role of CaCl2 on NaCl induced stress in terms of growth parameters, metabolic, cation contents and cell wall degrading enzymes in different plant organs. The salinity treatments were having an osmotic potential of (0.0; -0.23;-0.46; -0.92 and -1.15 MPa), respectively. A hundred mL of 10 mM CaCl2 were added to the previous concentrations and harvested after 11 weeks old. The data revealed that, NaCl treatments reduced the growth parameters; which most sensitive in root than shoot. Organic cytosolutes were much higher in root than shoot organ except for protein accumulation. The amount of inorganic cytosolutes (Na+ and Ca2+) in general increased markedly in shoot than root and vice versa for K+ and Mg2+. CaCl2 treatment alone induces these parameters than control one. Mixed salts of NaCL and CaCl2 positively improve the aforementioned parameters with varying degrees depending on the organs. While root seems to be the more sensitive organ for growth parameters measured, it also seems most accumulator organ than shoot for many metabolites. For the ionic contents, shoot and root varies between the mono and divalent cations. Cell wall degrading enzymes significantly and progressively increased as salinity level of treated plants increased. However, CaCl2 treatments induced a significant reduction in the activity of these enzymes when compared with their respective NaCL treatments. The ameliorative percentage due to calcium application of stressed faba bean on growth parameters ranges from 17.53 to 79.55 %; for metabolites from 8.69 to 194.91; for ionic status from 9.94 to 56.67 %, and for cell wall degrading enzymes from 16.76 to 39.15 %. These data leads to strongly recommend adding CaCl2 to saline environment to decrease the deleterious effects of salinity.
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Статья научная
Background: Allium cepa has been linked to a variety of health advantages, although little is known about its hepatoprotective properties. Using biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histological markers, the current study was conducted to examine the efficacy of quercetin-rich aqueous extract of Allium cepa (AEAC) against potassium bromate-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats and the probable mechanism. There are a total of 40 male Wistar rats used in this study and were equally divided into eight (8) groups. Group A: Control. Group B: potassium bromate, KBrO3 (dissolved in water), at 30 mg/kg. Group C: Quercetin as a standard (50 mg/kg). Groups D and E: AEAC, at 300 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg respectively. Groups F and G: KBrO3 plus AEAC. Group H: KBrO3 plus quercetin. On alternate days for 90 days, all administrations were done by intubation. Results: KBrO3 generated a significant difference in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and DNA fragmentation compared to the control (p 0.05). Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of liver samples revealed patterns that were comparable to those seen in enzyme biomarkers. In all cases, combining KBrO3 with AEAC or pure quercetin attenuated the effects of KBrO3. Conclusion: Therefore, potassium bromate induced hepatocellular toxicity via oxidative stress while treatment with the AEAC ameliorated its effects.
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Amiodarone induces the synthesis of HSPs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana cells
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Статья обзорная
In current scenario the whole world facing a big problem for the collection and assemblages the heavy metal in Agriculture land or crop soil-fertility. The heavy metal contamination (HMC) is very harmful for our beautiful earth planet as well as human health issue. Due to the collection and assemblages of heavy metals in earth crust the soil -fertility will be reduced day by day, it is directly or indirectly affected the whole ecosystem and our environment. There are the many innovative methods or technique to analysis and determination for the assemblages and collection the heavy metal pollution or contaminated soil-fertility in Agriculture land, but they have some basic problem like high cost issue is a big problem, time taking process or method and technique, sophistication or complication issues of processes, some problem in planning and strategy issues. The main heavy metals are generally found in earth crust is Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu and As. The soil-fertility of farming crop depends on the contamination of heavy metals. These heavy metals will be isolate from the crop soil by some innovative methods, technique or research approaches like- phytochemical, phtyoremediation, phytodegradation processes. My research and analysis work on the assemblages or collection of common heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Hg, Cu, and Zn) in paddy crop soil atmosphere. The corn pickup and acquired the heavy metals in compare then paddy was very prone, it is commonly found. The descending order of assemblages and collection in paddy grains - (Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb > Hg > Zn).
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Статья научная
Industrial effluents are one of the major sources of direct and continuous input of pollutants in water bodies. It is the waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes and it include wide variety of pollutants including harmful heavy metals. Therefore, water treatment is unavoidable though it is very expensive and very hard to carry out. Chemical treatments and electro-kinetics have been resulting in rendering the soil biologically dead and useless for plant growth. Therefore, vegetative methods (phytoremediation using hyper-accumulator plants) are thought to be most practical and economical. The study was conducted to find out the physiological and biochemical changes in Vetiver grass ( Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.) treated with service station effluent in constructed wetlands, and to assess the phytoremediation potential of it. The study also aimed to evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid treatment on the phytoremediation potential and biochemical changes of the wastewater stressed vetiver plants. In the study, ninety days old vetiver plants grown in constructed wetlands were treated with 15 L of automobile service station effluent for 15 days. Another test group plants were treated with the effluent along with ascorbic acid (10 mg ml -1) on alternate days for the 15 days. After the experimental period, treated effluents and the plant parts of the control and test groups were collected, and various chemical and biochemical attributes were determined following the standard procedures. Results of the study showed that more than 50% removal of pollutants was achieved after 15 days treatment in constructed wetlands. The biochemical analysis of treated plant parts showed decrease in the concentration of pigments, biomolecules, total phenols and nutrients. Also there was increase in the concentration of antioxidants and malondialdehyde. The study also revealed that the ascorbic acid addition to the constructed wetland system increased the concentration of pigments and biomolecules in the test plants. Ascorbic acid amendment enhanced the defence mechanism against the wastewater induced oxidative stress and thereby increased the pollutant removal efficiency of vetiver.
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Статья научная
Otocarpus virgatus Durieu is an endemic plant, very rare to a very narrow distribution around the region of Saïda (Algeria) critically endangered, it has indehiscent fruits. The objective of this work is to study the influence of its fruit pericarp on the germination of seeds and effects of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the germination rate of isolated seeds or seeds in indehiscent siliques. The results of this study indicate that O. virgatus seeds have shallow physiological dormancy and pericarp significantly reduced germination, inhibition was not due to lack of water absorption by seeds but to chemical inhibitors and mechanical resistance .Exclusively in isolated seeds all concentrations of GA3 significantly increased the germination percentage and reduced the average germination time and no significant difference in the final germination percentages for the inside of the indehiscent siliques deals with the GA3. Our data provided useful information on germination protocols for the ex situ propagation of this endemic, rare and threatened species, being the first report on germination behaviour of seeds of this taxon.
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An insight on a-crystallin interactions with various proteins in systemic disorders
Статья обзорная
ΑA- and αB- crystallins are the two principal components of the α-crystallin family of heat shock proteins which exhibit chaperone activity as well as cyto-protective function. It is well known that α-crystallin binds to misfolded or unfolded proteins and prevents their aggregation. The interactions of various proteins, such as methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA), galectin-related interfiber protein (GRIFIN), histones and creatine kinase enzymes with α- crystallin may be deduced from their changes in abundance in the cell. The alterations in the abundance of histone proteins with a loss of normal chaperone function of α-crystallin suggest their importance in the biochemical mechanisms of hereditary cataract formation. Various proteomic and mass spectrometric methods have been utilised to elucidate the relationships between ɑ-crystallin chaperone function, substrate binding and retinal disorders such as hereditary cataract, retinal neurodegenerative diseases and other systemic disorders and inflammation. A special emphasis on such interactions and in vivo protective roles of α-crystallin, under normal and pathological conditions, may highlight the potential of crystallins as therapeutic agents.
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An investigation into photosynthesis related parameters of chili varieties for agronomic traits
Статья научная
A critical investigation into the performance of all known chili varieties in the same agro-climatic conditions in imminent to identify the elite varieties for beneficial agronomic traits. In this perspective, 20 varieties of chilies were collected and planted in A.N.U botanical garden to know about photosynthetic performance measured in terms of photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and chlorophyll stability index in a comparative study. The highest stomatal conductance in LCA-305 (0.166 mmol cm-2) and high transpiration rate in LCA-235 (4.46 mol m-2s-1) and G-3 (4.43 mol m-2s-1) was observed. Whereas the cultivars, LCA-305 (31.2 µmol CO2 cm-2s-1) and Rabbi (31.20 µmol CO2 cm-2s-1) displayed high photosynthetic rates. The genotypes like G-4 (32°C), G-3 (31.3°C) and G-5 (31.2°C) have recorded high canopy temperature. The highest water use efficiency was noted in Aparna (59.93), LCA-334 (16.68), and G-3 (6.40)...
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Статья научная
Rice is cultivated either through wet and dry direct seeding or transplanting. Under direct seeding seeds are sown in the field whereas under transplanting seedlings are planted. Though direct seeding is economical and environment friendly, it is riskier than transplanting due to soil flooding and other menaces. Anaerobic germination (AG) potential or tolerance to germination stage oxygen deficiency (GSOD) is a feature that enables rice to grow under soil flooding. In the present investigation, twenty-two rice genotypes were characterized for their AG potential / GSOD tolerance regarding different growth parameters as well as amylolytic and fermentative activities under different days of soil flooding. Significant genotypic variations were noticed for these parameters at different days of soil flooding. Differences between control and treatment were highly significant. The activities of these enzymes also varied significantly under different days of soil flooding. A-amylase and total-amylase activities showed significant positive association with seedling establishment under flooding...
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Статья научная
In order to gain insight into the biochemical basis of invasiveness of invasive alien species, in the present study the expression of antioxidant boiling stable proteins (peroxidase, SOD and catalase) was studied in Parthenium hysterophorus. Parthenium an annual invasive weed of family Asteraceae, is native to tropical America while wide spread in north America, many parts of Africa, Australia and India. It tolerates a wide variety of abiotic conditions in the natural habitat. The analysis of boiling stable proteins was outlined by Native-PAGE analysis. Some barely detectable boiling stable proteins were detected. The Zymogram analysis revealed a substantial expression of BsPeroxi 60 and BsSOD 35/20 in the leaves and mature flowers of Parthenium. However, no substantial catalase activity was detected in the boiled protein samples of all the tissues examined. Based upon these results, a possible physiological role of BsPeroxi 60 and BsSOD 35/20 in parthenium tissues was discussed.
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Analysis of stress level through EEG and its management with special reference to unani principles
Статья обзорная
The physical and mental health of the members of society is an important measure of development. With every aspect of life, Stress is a major problem now-a-days which is associated with a large number of mental and physical disorders. It is the need of the hour that the proper stress analysis should be done and the treatment of stress is incorporated. The Mizaj is also an important measure of a healthy living which is also related to psychological conditions like stress relaxation. With emerging technology of Biomedical Engineering, it is now easily possible to regularly analyze, monitor and take care of treatment of stress in a more organized way than earlier. The stress level may be measured with tests such as EEG and the treatment to improve stress levels is adopted with regular monitoring of the stress level by measuring the brain signals. Improvement in stress levels will indicate the correct direction of treatment and no improvement will indicate that the mode of treatment has to be changed.
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Статья научная
The occurrence of heavy metals in the environment and their enormous industrial use has led to an increase in the frequency of the human organ toxicity. Among different heavy metals chromium (Cr) is one of the important heavy metal in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Membrane damage is one of the vital consequences of Cr-induced cytotoxicity. Andrographis paniculata Nees, a membrane protectant may be used to reduce the Cr-induced membrane damage in liver and kidney. For the present study, male albino rats of the Wistar strain (80-100 g) were used. Rats were divided into three groups. The animals of two groups were injected K2Cr2O7 at a dose of 0.8 mg per 100 g body weight per day for 28 days. One of the Cr treated group serving as the supplemented groups injected methalonic extract of Andrographis paniculata at a dose of 500 mg per Kg body weight (ME-AP500) daily for 28 days. The animals of the remaining group received only the vehicle (0.9% NaCl), served as control. The body weights of the animals were taken in each day of treatment schedule. Results shows that significant increases in membrane cholesterol level as well as significant decreases in membrane phospholipid level in Cr exposed animals. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total ATPase, and Na+-K+-ATPase activities of plasma membrane were significantly decreased after Cr treatment. Methalonic extract of Andrographis paniculata play an ameliorative role on Cr-induced membrane damage. These findings indicate that Cr treatment at the present dose and duration induces structural and functional alterations in the plasma membrane in both the liver and kidney. However, methalonic extract of Andrographis paniculata supplementation restored those alterations induced by Cr in plasma membrane of both liver and kidneys.
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Antianxiety activity of methanol extract of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linn.)Ait
Статья научная
Background: Despite significant advances in understanding and management of neuropsychiatric disorders during past few decades, anxiety and depression, still remains the leading cause of deaths, primarily for want of effective and safe treatment of these ailments. Approximately, two third of the anxious or depressed patients respond to the currently available treatment but the magnitude of improvement is still disappointing Purpose of Study: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antianxiety activity of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linn.) Ait. Various doses (50,100, 150, 200mg/kg) of plant extracts viz., of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water were administered orally to Swiss Albino Mice before evaluating their behavioural pattern. Diazepam (2.5 mg/kg) was used as standard drug. Result: The methanol extract of G. sempervirens (150 mg/kg) increased the mean time spent, mean number of arms entries in the open arms of elevated plus maze (EPM) and decreased the mean time spent in the closed arms. The locomotor activity of methanol extract was not affected to the same extent as observed for diazepam. Conclusion: The results suggested that methanol extract of G. sempervirens possess anxiolytic effects with no sedative activity when compared to diazepam.
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Antibiotic resistant bacteria in urban hospital wastewater : a preliminary report
Статья научная
Water, one of the most available natural bacterial habitat, can act as a major reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). The role of waste water in the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance is a major concern nowadays. Among the different types of urban waste water, hospital effluent is a primary source of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria released from patient excreta. Thus hospital waste water can serve as a hotspot for generation of new resistant population both through vertical and horizontal gene transfer. Lack of proper management of hospital effluent can lead to dissemination of new ARB and associated antibiotic resistance genes to the environmental water sources. Here we have assessed the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates, mainly fecal coliforms, from a hospital wastewater of Kolkata. Majority of the isolates were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Of them five isolates were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, tetracycline, cefepime, cefotaxime and amoxicillin. Four of them were found to be plasmid bearing. Our study established the presence of plasmid bearing MDR strains in hospital effluent which may facilitate horizontal gene transfer. As traditional waste water treatment plants are not designed for the removal of ARB. So ARBs are entering the aquatic environment which is a major point of concern and needs constant monitoring.
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Diabetes is expanding quickly around the world, which produces unsettling influences in the digestion of sugar, protein, and lipid. Proof suggested that the normal drugs beginning from plant source may speak to a socially applicable correlative treatment for diabetes. This examination planned to assess the cell reinforcement and antidiabetic exercises of the methanolic leaves extracts of transformed and non-transformed soybean in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The enlistment of diabetes with a single dose of streptozotocin and afterward the rats are treated with single dose of methanolic leaves extracts of transformed and non-transformed soybean (50 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Glibenclamide is utilized as a standard medication (0.5 mg/kg b.w.). The degree of glucose, lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, decreased glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase were resolved in diabetic rats after the treatment. The administration of methanolic leaves extracts of transformed soybean saw a critical reduction in levels of glucose and lipid peroxidation. The significant increased was found in glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in the liver when contrasted and diabetic control rats after medicines. The examination demonstrated that the methanolic leaves concentrates of transformed soybean rewarded rats successfully manage the cell reinforcement exercises in STZ induced diabetic rewarded rats. This examination presumed that the transformed (PPARγ gamma) crude methanolic leaves extracts have huge hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and cell antioxidant potential.
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Antigen specific immune responses in mice subjected to infrared heat stress
Статья научная
Short exposures to infrared heat are generally used to facilitate tail-vein bleeding of experimental mice as an alternative to retro-orbital bleeding for the purpose of obtaining serum samples. Altered temperatures have been shown to influence immune responses in a variable manner. This study evaluates the effects of infrared heat on the immune response. After confirming the efficacy of heat exposure as measured by alterations in body temperatures, the exposed mice were evaluated for antigen-specific antibody responses and allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytic (CTL) responses as readouts for humoral and cellular immune responses respectively. Antigen-specific serum antibody titers to lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, diphtheria toxin and rabbit IgG antigens were analyzed in infrared heat exposed and unexposed control C57BL/6 mice that were immunized with the corresponding antigen. Significant decreases in antigen-specific antibody titers were observed only when heat exposed C57BL/6 mice were immunized with lysozyme or BSA but not with other antigens tested. These alterations were not seen in heat exposed BALB/c mice. Dialyzed serum prepared from such heat exposed C57BL/6 was also found to inhibit CTL generation in vitro and inhibited IL-2 stimulated proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. These studies suggest that the procedure of infrared heat exposure prior to tail vein bleeding may influence some immune parameters although this may not be true for all strains of mice and all antigens.
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Physiological and biochemical changes as well as the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes under lead (Pb 2+) phytotoxicity were investigated in 20 days old soybean ( Glycine max L.) seedlings grown hydroponically in the laboratory under different pH conditions. The rapid uptake of Pb 2+ was observed immediately after the start of treatment. The quantity of accumulation of Pb 2+ was much higher in roots than in shoots, its level rising with increasing pH from 3.0 to 8.0. Not only that, an oxidative stress conditions were observed due to increased level of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide in shoots and root cells of 20 days old seedlings when treated with Pb(NO 3) 2 at a concentration of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 μM. Spectrometric assays of seedlings showed increased level of activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The presence of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) indicates the enhanced lipid peroxidation compared to controls. The alteration in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and the induction of lipid peroxidation reflects the presence of Pb 2+, which may cause oxidative stress.
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Antioxidative response of various cultivars of sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) to drought stress
Статья научная
The present study was conducted with the aim to identify the response of antioxidant enzyme activities in seedlings of different sorghum cultivars under mannitol stress. Seven-day old seedlings were subjected to 100-500 mM mannitol stress which resulted in the decreases in shoot/root length and relative water content thus indicating the primary response to these tissues at phenotypic level. The level of lipid peroxidation as well as the specific activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased at higher conc. except at 200 mM conditions. The level of catalase and peroxidase decreased at 500 mM conc. In the two different cultivars whereas the activity of superoxide dismutase consistently increased in response to the mannitol stress. Our data demonstrate that drought responsiveness tolerance in sorghum cultivars during germination is associated with enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Antioxidative responses and expression of insecticidal proteins in Bt cotton under high irradiance
Статья научная
Effect of high irradiance (HI) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, rate of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were investigated in non Bt and Bt cotton. The accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 was higher in Bt cotton. Sustained cultivation of Bt cotton requires stable transgene expression under HI stress. In the present study, Bt toxin proteins (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab), which are essential for the control of lepidopteron pests, were found to be reduced in Bt cotton under HI stress.
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