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Acute toxicity studies of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. in albino rats
Статья научная
The present work is to evaluate the acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Oldenlantia herbacea Roxb. in albino rats as per the OECD guidelines. Acute toxicity study of aqueous and ethanol extracts was carried out by administration of 1,3 and 5g/kg bw of Oldenlantia herbacea Roxb. to rats in the respective groups at a single dose. While rats in the control group received 0.5 ml of normal saline. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for hematology and clinical evaluations. Body weight and food consumptions were also noted. The main organs of the body like liver, kidney and lungs were collected for measurement of their weight. In the acute toxicity study of both aqueous and ethanol extracts showed no toxicological signs observed on body weight, organ weight and food consumption of rats. There were no significant changes observed in the liver markers, kidney markers and haematological parameters. From the above findings concluded that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Oldenlantia herbacea Roxb. at a dose of 1,3 and 5g/kg body weight does not produce any adverse effects and it may be considered as promising therapeutic applications in drug discovery.
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Adaptation of acupuncture and traditional Chinese herbal medicines models because of climate change
Статья научная
China is the vast country which has the highest population and providing enough and stable food is a challenge in China and climate change is expected to exacerbate problems, and agricultural systems models play significant roles in identify strategies to support global food security and protecting the environment. Literature search was conducted in Medline, Research gate, Scopus, Pubmed and Google scholar databases. The keywords were climate change, acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine and health benefits. Climate Change will influence distribution of agricultural production, food supply and global markets in Asia and the world. The impact of climatic changes on agriculture can be divided into shift in climatic and agriculture zones, impact on plant growth and crop production, impact on agriculture soil such as soil organic matter, soil fertility, biological health of soil, soil erosion, soil water availability, and of course increase in number of pests, plant diseases and weeds...
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Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Fld and Gus genes into canola for salinity stress
Статья научная
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress which limits wide spread canola cultivation. One way to overcome this problem could be transfection, to produce tolerable species. Cotyledonary and hypocotyls explants obtained from 4 and 7 days old seedling of Elite and RJS003 varieties were utilized in this study. Genetic transformation was implemented through Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing PBI121 plasmid and Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58, LBA4404, AGL0 and EHA 101 strains which contain P6u- ubi- fvt1 construct. The T-DNA region of P6u- Ubi- Fvt1 plasmid included HPT (Hygromycin phosphotransferase) plant selectable marker and Fld (flavodoxin) gene. PBI121 plasmid had NptII (Neomycin phosphotransferase) plant Selectable marker and β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes. Transfected explants were analyzed by PCR and histochemical assay for Fld and Gus genes, respectively. Our data indicated that the cotyledonary explants of both cultivars were incompetent to be infected with Fld gens. However, the transformation in Elite hypocotyls explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 and LBA 4404 strains were confirmed through PCR product and histochemical evaluation for Fld and GUS genes, respectively. Therefore, the result of this manuscript may to certain degree fulfill the endeavor appointed to this oilseed.
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Статья научная
The question how long transgenesis invected alterations are demonstrated in a succeeding generations remains of great interest. In this study we describe the development of T1-T5 generations of Nicotiana tabacum L. transformed by Agrobacterium tumefacience strain 699 with disarmed plasmid. Tobacco plants were grown in the same environmental conditions. The characteristics of vegetative and generated parts had been assessed. Transgenic plants were superior to normal ones in leaf area and stem length, had earlier flowering and internodes development but not differ in a number and size of flowers. Growth activation is suggested to be a result of biotic stress induced by transformation
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Algae efficacy as a potent tool for heavy metals removal: an overview
Статья обзорная
Water pollution with heavy metals sharply increased worldwide and became a serious problem a cause to expansion industrial activities worldwide. Pollutants caused deleterious effect on living organisms in ecosystems. Thereby, various physico-chemical and biological methods were employed for overcoming this problem. Algae (micro and macrophyla) among biological systems displayed multiuse applications in food and industry. Of which they exhibited a significant and important role as a useful toll in heavy metals removal capacity. Algae as renewable resources, their abundance worldwide and ability to concentrate heavy metals in their tissues, encouraged scientists to focusing on their implementation in heavy metal pollutants reduction from environmental ecosystems. Their efficacy and advantageous over physico-chemical methods make them as alternative, eco-sustainable and potent way for heavy metals removal.
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Allelopathic effect of Solanum melongena L. on Vigna radiata L
Статья научная
The present study has been carried out to investigate the allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf leachate of Solanum melongena L. on Vigna radiata L. The effects of leachate on germination, radicle length, plumule length, protein content and cell division in root tip meristems of seedlings of Vigna were studied. The seeds of mungbean were soaked with leaf leachate of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentrations for 4h. Bioassay indicated that there was dose-dependent inhibition of germination and seedling growth. Protein content was found to be reduced by the leachate of different concentrations as compared with control. The study also revealed that antioxidative enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities increased with the increase in concentration of aqueous leaf leachate. Mitotic activity in root-tip cells of mungbean was found to be reduced and the impact was dose-dependent. However, chromosomal abnormalities, viz. fragment, precocious separation, sticky chromosome, disturbed metaphase and bridge were found to be increased with increasing concentrations of leachate.
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Статья научная
Allopathic effects are seen as positive and negative effects under the influence of its allochemical is caused by the chemical interaction of one plant with another. Aqueous extract of Chloris barbata leaf has an allopathic impact on seed germination in cowpea ( Vigna unguculata L.) and Indian bean ( Lablab purpureus L. ). Seed germination tests were carried out in different concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, 100%) of leaf aqueous extracts of Chloris barbata , result showed that there was no significant germination in cowpea in control and treatments. However, it was observed that Chloris barbata triggered the germination at 100% aqueous extract which was followed by 60%. Due to allelopathic effects in Indian bean germination ang growth were promoted in high concentration extract.
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Allelopathic stress produced by bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia L.)
Статья научная
The present study deals with in vitro effects of allelochemicals present in leaf and fruit leachate of Momordica charantia in vitro on plant growth and metabolism of Lycopersicon esculentum. Momordica was selected as a donor plant and tomato as recipient. Seeds of tomato were shown in pots and after germination different concentrations viz. 25, 50, 75 and 100% of leaf and fruit leachates were applied as treatment. Twenty days old seedlings were harvested for biophysical and biochemical analyses. The root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings decreased in dose dependent manner. The reduction in pigment and protein contents and nitrate reductase activity was concentration dependent. Membrane leakage increased as the concentration of leachates increased. Activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) activities significantly enhanced under allelopathic stress. Inhibition of various metabolic activities under allelopathic stress resulted in decreased plant growth and development. The fruit leachate of Momordica was more inhibitory than leaf leachate.
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Alleviation of boron stress through plant derived smoke extracts in sorghum bicolor
Статья научная
Boron is an essential micronutrient necessary for plant growth at optimum concentration. However, at high concentrations boron affects plant growth and is toxic to cells. Aqueous extract of plant-derived smoke has been used as a growth regulator for the last two decades to improve seed germination and seedling vigor. It has been established that plant-derived smoke possesses some compounds that act like plant growth hormones. The present research was the first comprehensive attempt to investigate the alleviation of boron stress with plant-derived smoke aqueous extract on Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) seed. Smoke extracts of five plants, i.e. Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Peganum harmala, Datura alba and Melia azedarach each with six dilutions (Concentrated, 1:100, 1:200, 1:300, 1:400 and 1:500) were used. While boron solutions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm were used for stress. Among the dilutions of smoke, 1:500 of E. camaldulensis significantly increased germination percentage, root and shoot length, number of secondary roots and fresh weight of root and shoot while, boron stress reduced growth of Sorghum. It was observed that combined effect of boron solution and E. camaldulensis smoke extract overcome inhibition and significantly improved plant growth. Present research work investigated that the smoke solution has the potential to alleviate boron toxicity by reducing the uptake of boron by maintaining integrity of plant cell wall. The present investigation suggested that plant derived smoke has the potential to alleviate boron stress and can be used to overcome yield losses caused by boron stress to plants.
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Alleviation of drought stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by mineral fertilization
Статья научная
The present study was conducted to ascertain the effect of combined application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on productivity, and nutritional quality of wheat under drought stress conditions. Wheat cultivars Minaminakaori and Lalmi-2 were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to 3 levels of NPK fertilizer applications. Then the plants were exposed to 2 levels of drought stress and well-irrigated control at grain filling stage. The result of this study indicated that drought stress significantly decreased grain yield, grain starch content, and water-soluble pentosan content, but increased grain crude protein content, total pentosan content, and phytate phosphorus content of both cultivars. Lalmi-2 exhibited a greater tolerance to drought conditions, by higher grain yield, and higher total K and starch contents under both well-irrigated and drought stress conditions than Minaminakaori, while Minaminakaori recorded higher grain mineral concentration, crud protein, total pentosan, water-soluble pentosan and phytate phosphors content than Lalmi-2. It was suggested that increase in rate of NPK fertilization could ameliorate the adverse effects of drought stress and enhance plant productivity, and concentrations of minerals, crude proteins and water-soluble pentosan in the grain under drought stress conditions. Besides applying higher rates of NPK fertilizers, it is suggested that use of fertilizer responsive and drought-tolerant genotypes such as Lalmi-2 will be beneficial to minimize the risk of yield loss due to drought stress.
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Alleviation of seawater stress on tomato by foliar application of aspartic acid and glutathione
Статья научная
A pot experiment was carried out in the botanical garden of Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, with the aim of studying the effect of salinity levels (4, 8 and 16% of diluted seawater) and foliar application of aspartic acid and/or glutathione on the growth and chemical constituents of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants. The most important results can be summarized as: 1). Treatments of high salinity levels reduced all growth parameters and chemical constituents of plants. 2) Both aspartic acid and glutathione significantly increased plant growth, the contents of anthocyanin, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and enzymatic activities. In addition, the content of endogenous amino acids was increased which in turn led to positive changes in the picture of protein electrophoresis, theses changes were accompanied by appearance and disappearance of some protein bands and caused obvious changes in the anatomical features of the stems. 3) The effect of aspartic acid was superior to that of glutathione on increasing plant growth and chemical constituents. 4) Under low saline conditions, the maximum plant growth for all the recorded growth parameters was obtained from plants treated with aspartic acid and grown under 8% of seawater, followed by 4%. However, glutathione had inhibitor effect on plant growth and chemical constituents of plants grown at 16% seawater. The data revealed that the different antioxidants could partially alleviate the harmful effects of salinity stress that reflected on growth and some physiological changes of tomato plant.
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Статья научная
Exposure to environmental stress due to salinity has been reported to result in adverse effects on the growth of plants. Studies have shown that the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has an ameliorative effect on plants grown under saline conditions. In the present investigation, effect of gibberellic acid (GA 3), 6-furfuryladenine (Kinetin) and benzyl adenine (BA) on Spinacia oleracea L. var. All Green, cultivated under saline conditions has been studied. After a pre-soaking treatment of six hours in 20 mg L -1 solutions of GA 3, Kinetin and BA, the seeds were allowed to germinate and grow for forty-five days under saline conditions. On the analysis of mature leaves, it was observed that both chlorophyll a and b, and total chlorophyll showed an increase in PGR-treated plants compared to the untreated set. With the pretreatment, the reducing and non-reducing sugar content, as well as protein content of the leaves showed an increase in accumulation compared to the untreated plants. The accumulation of the stress metabolite proline, which increases under saline conditions, showed a significant decrease in the plants pretreated with PGRs.
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Alteration of SH-group contents in red beet roots and vacuoles under osmotic stress
Статья научная
The content of sulfhydryl groups in homogenate of red beets and isolated vacuoles under the conditions of osmotic stress was determined. It was demonstrated that the common content of sulfhydryl groups in the isolated vacuoles was 2.4 times higher, than in the homogenate. Under the conditions of osmotic stress, it was primarily denoted the reduction of common content of sulfhydryl groups in homogenate and in the isolated vacuoles. The most interesting results were obtained in determination of correlations between protein and non-protein SH-groups. Under the conditions of osmotic stress, while the contents of non-protein SH-groups in the isolated vacuoles was reduced, non-protein SH-groups in homogenate was greatly increased. This may be explained by the influx of the substances containing SH-groups out of vacuoles. Obtained results allow us to conclude that vacuoles play an important role in plant cell antioxidant processes and in maintenance of intracellular redox-homeostasis.
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Alterations in the phosphorus metabolism during seed germination of Simarouba glauca
Статья научная
Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient for plant growth and is responsible for plant metabolism. Phosphorus is an important component of nucleic acid and also a component of phospholipids as a basic requirement for cellular organization and function as a membrane building block. Plants respond to Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) in phosphorus content in a variety of ways. A study was conducted to assess the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases on seed germination and seedling growth in response to various PGRs of S. glauca at different time intervals. Seeds were subjected to 100 ppm solutions of various PGRs, which include GA, 6-BA, CCC, SA, Cysteine, and Methionine. The activity of the enzymes ATPase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase increases in response to the most of PGRs.
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Alterations of protein and DNA profiles of Zea mays L. under UV- B radiation
Статья научная
UV radiation is an important stress factor for plants which may result in damage to genetic system and cell membranes and several metabolic processes. UV-B has greater damaging effects on plants because the cell macromolecules such as DNA and protein having strong absorption at 280-320 nm. In the present study, UV-B stress was given to the seeds of ZeamaysL. two different time intervals (30 and 60 min) and that stressed seeds were grown under normal environment condition. The leaves of 10thand 20thday seedlings were collected for the analysis of protein and DNA profiles. Protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and DNA was analyzed by Restriction enzymes. When compared with control plants, increased numbers of protein and DNA bands were observed in UV-B treated plants. The present study concluded that the plant synthesis new proteins and DNA under UV treatment for the adaptation to the environmental conditions. These stressed proteins could be used as biomarkers for identification of stressed plant. Identification of quantitative trait loci for UV stress resistance may well be an effective analytical tool. This approach is promising, considering that saturated DNA marker maps are now available for both genetic model plants and crop plants.
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Alzheimer's disease: a threat to mankind
Статья обзорная
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disorder common among elderly involving deficits in memory and cognition. There has been a long history of research and medical practice in AD worldwide, during which different facts came into light. During recent decades with new technologies being integrated, progress has been made in finding new genes responsible for AD, but diagnosis and treatment. In this review we will focus on molecular, genetic and other evidence underlying the known AD pathology.
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Ambient stress associated variations in metabolic responses of Marwari goat of arid tracts in India
Статья научная
Ambient stress associated variations in metabolic responses of Marwari breed of goat belonging to arid tracts in India were investigated by screening male and female goats of varying age groups during moderate, extreme hot and extreme cold ambiences. Metabolic responses were assessed by analyzing serum urea, creatinine, total proteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose and the mean values were 5.67±0.05mmol L-1, 120.98±1.44umol L-1, 69.8±0.10g L-1, 3.3±0.03mmol L-1 , 1.27±0.01mmol L-1 and 3.63±0.03mmol L-1, respectively during moderate ambience. The mean values of serum urea and creatinine were significantly (p≤0.05) higher during hot and cold ambiences, the mean value of total serum proteins and triglycerides were significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot and cold ambiences and the mean values of cholesterol and glucose were significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot ambience and significantly (p≤ 0.05) higher during cold ambience as compared to respective moderate mean value. Significant (p≤0.05) changes were observed in the value of each parameter according to sex and age. It was concluded that extreme hot and cold ambient temperatures affected the animals of both sexes and all age groups which was evident in the form of variations in the metabolic responses to combat the ambient stress.
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Статья научная
The study was designed to determine modulation of enzyme regulators of carbohydrate metabolism in Marwari breed of goat of both sexes and varying age groups during moderate, extreme hot and cold ambiences. The enzyme regulators included sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) which were determined in the serum. The modderate ambience was considered as control for each enzyme regulator and the mean values in UL -1 were 8.67±0.005, 40.87±0.32, 8.04±0.003 and 7.53±0.005, respectively. The mean values of SDH, MDH and G-6-Pase were significantly (p≤0.05) higher during hot and cold ambiences in comparison to respective moderate mean value. However, the increase was more in cold than hot ambience for each case. The mean value of G-6-PDH was significantly (p≤0.05) higher during cold ambience while significantly (p≤0.05) lower during hot ambience in comparison to moderate mean value. In each ambience the sex and age effects were significant (p≤ 0.05) on each enzyme regulators. It could be concluded that extreme ambiences produced modulations in the metabolic reactions reflected on the basis of pattern of variations of enzyme regulators in the serum.
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Amelioration of fluoride toxicity with the use of indigenous inputs
Статья научная
An assessment was undertaken to study the efficacy of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. rhizosphere of rice plant, oil spill sites of a petrol pump and from the sludge of a pharmaceutical waste water drain against the impact of fluoride. The experiments were conducted with two crops. In this mung bean experiment Vigna radiata was selected as a test crop. The seeds were sown in the field with bacterial consortia, compost and reduced dose (25% less nitrogen than recommended dose) of chemical fertilizer. After 30days of seed sowing (DAS), plants were collected from the field and dipped into the sodium fluoride solution with different concentrations for 48 hours. Thereafter, the impact of fluoride on chlorophyll, sugar, proline and relative water content (%) were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the stem section was performed. SEM studies revealed that anatomical structure deformed with 1.5 mg/l sodium fluoride solution. It was observed that such treatment combination during the sowing of crops leads to combat the impact of lower doses of sodium fluoride (0.2 mg/l). Another experiment was also conducted within plastic pots with and without bacterial consortia isolated from rhizosphere of rice plant and oil spilled soil of petrol pump with the same field soil. Each pot was filled with 5 kg of soil + 2lt of water (on the basis of soil saturation). Oryza sativa seedlings were transplanted with different strength of sodium fluoride solution (25 mgNaF/kg, 50 mgNaF/kg, 100 mgNaF/kg and 500mgNaF/kg) within the above pots. In second experiment, rice plants dried in all pots after 500 mgNaF/kg concentration of sodium fluoride. In this pot experiment bacterial strain are capable of reducing fluoride content in soil as noted by measuring fluoride in the pot soil after the experiment.
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