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Cold hardening prevents H 2O 2-induced programmed cell death in maize coleoptiles
Статья научная
An influence of cold hardening (8 °С, 7 days) on the respiration intensity, the content of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation in coleoptiles of maize etiolated seedlings of different ages and a possibility of the cold hardening to prevent execution of the cell death, induced by treatment with 10 mM H 2O 2 (for 4 hours) of seedlings have been studied. It has been shown that H 2O 2 induces total DNA fragmentation in coleoptiles of maize etiolated seedlings, and a preliminary cold hardening prevents this process.
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Cold hardiness of apple and changes in dehydrin composition
Статья научная
The work was aimed to study the degree of wood damage through artificial freezing and dehydrin changes in apple bark. The relation between apple tree cold hardiness and dehydrin accumulation and degradation rate was established.
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Cold storage of plant tissue cultures - effect of sucrose
Статья научная
Explants of normal (non-transformed) carrot ( Daucus carota L.) tissue, scorzonera crown gall ( Scorzonera hispanica L.) and carrot tissues transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (all cultured in vitro ) were planted in little glass jars with 6 cm3 of nutrition media containing 3, 5, 7 or 9% sucrose and maintained at +3 ºC for 6, 8, 10 and 12 months. Viability of tissue cultures after cold storage was estimated by the degree of tissue necrosis, per cent of explants exhibiting growth resumption and intensity of the resumpted growth. Little or no growth was observed during cold storage of scorzonera and normal carrot tissues, whereas transformed carrot tissues showed significant growth. Dry matter content of tissues increased with an increase of sucrose concentration in the medium and failed to change during cold storage of scorzonera and normal carrot tissues. The dry matter content of the transformed carrot tissues fell down during cold storage due to the increase of fresh weight. The viability of all tissue cultures was preserved better and for a longer time with 7% sucrose, than with 3, 5 and 9%. Transformed carrot and tobacco callus tissues preserved cell viability better than non-transformed ones. Cycles consisting from long subcultures (several months) at 3 ºC interrupted by short subcultures (several weeks) at 26 ºC were applied in order to storage of tissue cultures for several years.
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Combined effects of zinc and high irradiance stresses on photoinhibition of photosynthesis in bean
Статья научная
Seedlings of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.Sel 9) were grown for 2 weeks with half strength Hoagland solution containing 0 ppm (deficient), 5 ppm (sufficient) and 50 ppm (excess) ZnSO4.7H2O. Changes in photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, soluble starch, photosystem (PSII) activities and thylakoid membrane proteins were investigated. The degree of photoinhibition was determined by the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins and soluble starch decreased significantly in Zn-deficient and Zn-excess leaves. Though the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm), maximum variable fluorescence (Fv) were significantly decreased to a greater extent in Zn-excess leaves the restoration was excellent. The exogenous electron donors, diphenylcarbazide (DPC) and NH2OH restored the loss of PSII activity in Zn-deficient and Zn-excess leaves. A slight degradation 33, 28-25, 23 and 17 kDa polypeptides were observed in the Zn-deficient and Zn-excess leaves. Upon recovery from HI stress, the Zn-excess leaves restored the 47, 33, and 28-25 kDa polypeptides.
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Статья научная
Parthenium ( Parthenium hysterophorus L . ) has become an invasive woody plant in recent times in many parts of the world. It is rapidly spreading in Pakistan, causing severe damage to the agriculture productivity of the country. A laboratory scale study was conducted in order to evaluate the allelopathic effect of exotic herb Parthenium on chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) by morphological approaches. Experiments were carried out in petri plates supplemented with aqueous extracts of root, stem, leaves and flowers of Parthenium . Pronounced variations were noticed for allelopathic activity of different plant parts at different concentrations. Parthenium extracts either inhibited or promoted the germination of seeds and seedling growth of chickpea. Results showed that aqueous extracts of root, leaves and flowers significantly reduced the germination and seedling growth. The maximum inhibition was observed with the extract of leaves and flowers as well as the highest inhibition was observed at higher concentrations i.e. 7.5 and 10%. It is concluded that aqueous root, stem, leaf and flower extracts of Parthenium contain allelopathic compounds inhibits seed germination and seedling growth of chickpea at higher concentrations.
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Статья научная
An attempt has been made to compare the effects of conventional phytohormones like IAA, NAA, BAP to the recent hormones viz., JA and SA in callus induction in blackgram using hypocotyl as explant source. Instead of testing the hormone individually, a combination of hormones was used to induce callus and organogenesis. A significant callusing response was noticed in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 ppm of 2,4-D and 1 ppm of IAA. Likewise, Salicylic acid at 1 ppm induced high percentage of callus induction proving its efficiency in inducing the root formation. Jasmonic acid induced a high percentage of callus induction at 1.5 ppm and greater rooting response than SA. Organogenic callus was observed at JA and SA supplementation. The combination of NAA, BAP and SA showed that 0.75 & 1.5 ppm of NAA, 1 ppm of BAP and 0.5 ppm of SA showed a better response in culture medium. Thus, the combination of these hormones seems serve as efficient growth supplements for in vitro culture of many agricultural crops.
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Статья научная
Cowpea is a commonest and affordable legume widely consumed in developing nation of the world. Salicylic (SA) and Gibberellic (GA) acids serve to play prominent roles in induction of growth and development in cowpea. However, heavy metal such as arsenic is one of the major pollutant commonly encountered and its exposure to plant often result in alteration in physiological and biochemical functions. Therefore the aim of this work was to examine the effects of Salicylic and Gibberellic acid on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant potentials of three cultivars of Vigna unguiculata under heavy metal toxicity. Seeds of three cowpea cultivars (Ife Brown, ITOK-768-18and ART 98-12) were sorted and each of the three cultivars were soaked in SA [0 control, (75, 150) mg/L} and GA [0 control, (75, 150) mg/L} respectively. The seeds (n=5) were planted in a completely randomised design in pots of soil containing each of 0, 250 and 500mg/L sodium arsenate. Vitamin C, otal flavonoid, phenolic, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase activities in leaves were determined on day 90 using spectrophotometry The results show that in comparing treatment with the control among the three cultivars, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, vitamin C, total flavonoid and phenolic were increased by (3, 4, 2, 12, 4 and 3 folds respectively), in Ife brown; (2, 5, 12, 12, 5 and 3 folds respectively), in ART 98-12; (4, 3, 14, 5 and 4 folds respectively), in ITOK-768-18 in the leaves of 250mg/L sodium arsenate-treated soil with SA (150mg/L). Lipid peroxidation were reduced by (5 and 3 folds respectively), in Ife brown and ITOK-768-18 in 250mg/L sodium arsenate-treated soil with SA (150mg/L) but was reduced by 3 folds in 250mg/L sodium arsenate-treated soil with SA (75mg/L) for ART98-12. Salicylic and gibberellic acids therefore reduced lipid peroxidation, enhanced antioxidant potentials of Vigna unguiculata to increase tolerance and promote growth during heavy metal toxicity.
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Comparative morpho-biochemical responses of wheat cultivars sensitive and tolerant to water stress
Статья научная
Water stress is likely the most important factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. In this study two wheat cultivars Gemmieza-7 (sensitive) and Sahel-1 (tolerant) were subjected to water stress and compared in terms of growth parameters (growth vigor of root and shoot), water relations (relative water content and saturation water deficit ) and protein as well as nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) content in flag leaves of both cultivars. In general, water stress caused noticeable reduction in almost all growth criteria of root, shoot and flag leaf which was consistent with the progressive alteration in water relations, protein and nucleic acids content of both cultivars during grain filling. Furthermore, degree of leaf succulence and degree of leaf sclerophylly were severely affected by water stress in both wheat cultivars. In relation to wheat cultivar, the sensitive was more affected by water stress than the tolerant one. Generally, the application of salicylic acid, trehalose or their interaction induced marked increase in growth vigor of root and shoot, water relations and protein as well as nucleic acids in flag leaves of both wheat cultivars in compare with control and water stressed plants. In conclusion, Sahel-1 has suitable mechanisms to enable it to respond more effectively to water stress than Gemmieza-7.
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Статья научная
In the present study, 20 chilli cultivars were characterized based on morphology as it serves as discrete identification indicator and also propose to evaluate cultivar diversity for yield related parameters. Among the 20 cultivars, different quantitative and qualitative morphological traits like, hypocotyl pubescence, hypocotyl colour, cotyledon leaf shape, cotyledon leaf colour, cotyledon leaf width and cotyledon leaf length were studied. A stem length to first bifurcation ranged from 10.80 cm (LCA-424) to 26.33 cm (LCA-620) among the 20 cultivars, taller and shorter stems, taller, wider plant, longer and wider leaves were noticed. Hence, this character could be used for varietal identification. Fruit, fruit length, fruit width, pedicel length, dry fruit weight, seed weight and seed size might be efficiently used for different the chilli cultivars. Fruit positions were divided into two groups viz. , Pendent and Erect. Among them, maximum number of genotypes had pendent fruits while only one by Mycoteja produced erect fruits...
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Comparative phytochemical evaluation of the aerial parts of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser
Статья научная
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser is an important traditionally using medicinal plant. Almost all parts of plants are used for medicinal purposes against numerous diseases. In this present study, presence of secondary metabolites was compared between bark, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits of plant using preliminary phytochemical screening using standard methods in solvents having different degree of polarity- acetone, benzene, methanol, petroleum ether and water. Comparative study indicated that polar solvents were superior in extracting secondary metabolites as compared to non- polar. This present study also suggested leaves were high on secondary metabolites followed by ripe fruits and bark whereas unripe fruits found to be on lower level on major classes of secondary metabolites.
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Статья научная
The Plectranthus amboinicus is known for its medicinal properties. The extracts from this plant material are used to treat different diseases which include cold, respiratory disorders, digestive problems, skin infections, cough, chronic asthma, bronchitis, hiccups, etc. The present study aimed to compare and evaluate the antioxidant property of two aerial parts of the plant, the stem and the leaf extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus . The different type of extracts was prepared with fresh leaves, fresh stem and dried leaves, with methanol as the solvent for extraction. The antioxidant potential of each extract was checked and the result obtained showed the fresh stem extract had the highest antioxidant activity. The study result shows that the methanolic extracts of dried leaves have Tannins, flavonoids, phenol and reducing sugars. The methanolic extract of fresh leaves and fresh stem extracts showed the presence of Tannins, flavonoids, quinone, steroids, phenols and reducing sugars. The phenolic content of the methanolic extract of the stem is high compared to fresh and dried leaves. The anti-oxidant potentials were assayed through the FRAP, FTC and TBA assays, the results showed that the free radical scavenging property of the methanolic extract of the stem is high compared to the fresh and dried leaves. The methanolic stem extract has high phenolic content and also shows high free radical scavenging properties than the methanolic extract of fresh and dried leaves.
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Статья научная
The development of drought tolerant genotypes for peanuts has now become a priority due to the growing number of drought-prone areas. The effects of drought stress on nitrogen metabolism was studied in leaves of two groundnut cultivars with differential sensitivity to drought stress, K-134 (drought tolerant) and JL-24 (drought sensitive) subjected to different regimes of water stress conditions for a duration of 12 days. The total protein content in leaves of both cultivars declined with progressive accumulation of free amino acid levels. Concurrently, the protease activity in the tissues was also increased. Ammonia content was increased in both cultivars and comparatively higher ammonia levels were recorded for cv. JL-24. A gradual increase in the activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism such as glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH and NADPH-GDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) was observed in both cultivars subjected to water stress. The increase in enzyme activities was more pronounced in the drought tolerant than in the drought sensitive cultivar. Contrarily, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were decreased in the stressed plants. The extent of decrease was more in cv. K134 than cv. JL-24. The results indicate that drought tolerance of cultivar K-134 may be attributed at least in part to the ability to shift the metabolic rate leading to a greater accumulation of amino acids coupled with lower levels of ammonia and largely by reassimilation as evidenced by relatively greater activities of GS and GOGAT in the tissue. The physiological importance of enzyme alterations under water stress was investigated in relation to plant metabolism.
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Статья научная
The thermogenic mechanisms were measured in the two small rodents, Eothenomys milletus and Apodemus chevrieri in Hengduan mountain region during cold exposure. The main results were as follows: 1. RMR and NST incredsed 68.34%, 36.34% during the cold exposure in E.miletus, RMR and NST incredsed 32.84%, 56.17% during the cold exposure in A. chevrieri, respectively. 2. During cold exposure, total protein content in liver, the total protein content(TP) and mitochodrnal protein content(MP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the content of uncoupling protein (UCP1) were increased in E.miletus, which increased 18.66%, 25.18%, 70.01%, 99.39%, respectively. Total protein content in liver, the total protein content(TP) and mitochodrnal protein content(MP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the content of uncoupling protein (UCP1) were increased in A. chevrieri, which increased 18.11%, 33.29%, 34.51%,235.95%, respectively. All of the results indicated that the mechanism of heat production for adaptative changes was similar in two rodents, but it showed different increased amplitude of heat production, it may considered that the difference of heat production was related to origin of species and inhabitats.
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Comparison of nonshivering thermogenesis induced by norepinephrine stress in tree shrews
Статья научная
Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)is an important thermogenic mechanism for small mammals. Quantitative measurement of NST is usually stimulated by injection of norepinephrine. The injection dosage of norepinephrine (NE)is critical for eliciting the maximum NST. Three empirical equations of NE dosages were often referenced in previous studies: (1)NE (mg / kg)= 2.53W -0.4; (2)NE(mg/kg) = 3.3W -0.458 and (3)NE(mg/kg)= 6.6W -0.458. In the present study, we used tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri ) as experiment subjects to test the effects of the three dosages of NE on NST. Results showed that all the three dosages of NE could induce the maximum NST for T. belangeri. No significant differences were found in NST among groups and the NST was respectively 2.63±0.12 (formula 1), 2.66±0. 11 (formula 2) and 2.78±0.15 (formula 3). However, when injected with NE dosage from formula 3, the increase of body temperatures was significantly higher than the other two NE dosages (increased 1.5±0. 1 oC (formula 3), 0.8±0. 2 oC (formula 2), and 0.6±0. 1 oC (formula 1), respectively). In order to prevent the death because of hyperthermia, formula 1 or 2 is recommended to be used.
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Статья научная
Salt stress is an important environmental stress that produces reactive oxygen species in plants and causes oxidative injuries. In this investigation, salt stress reduced the shoot and root length, while increased the content of malondealdehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, and the activity of Ascorbate peroxidase andguaiacol peroxidase. Pretreatment of chamomile plants under salt stress with sodium nitroprussideand Spermidin caused enhancement of growth parameters and reduction of malondealdehyde and Hydrogen peroxide content. Pretreatment of plants with sodium nitroprusside remarkably increased Ascorbate peroxidase activity, while Spermidin pre-treatment significantly increased guaiacol peroxidase activity. Application of sodium nitroprusside or Spermidin with Methylene blue which is known to block cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway, reduced the protective effects of sodium nitroprussideand Spermidin in plants under salinity condition. The result of this study indicated that Methylene blue could partially and entirely abolish the protective effect of Nitric oxide on some physiological parameter. Methylene blue also has could reduce the alleviation effect of Spermidin on some of parameters in chamomile plant under salt stress, so with comparing the results of this study it seems that Spermidin probably acts through Nitric oxide pathway, but the use of2-4- carboxyphenyl- 4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide is better to prove.
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Статья научная
This paper describes selected chemical, physical and analytical composition of fresh chicken egg (FCE), whole egg powder (WEP), and irradiated whole egg powder (IWEP). WEP samples were irradiating at 0, 5, 10 and 15 kGy using gamma irradiator. Analysis determined the approximate compositions, chemical and physical properties including the percentage of moisture, crud fat, crude protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, and ash, total acidity, pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), viscosity and color changes in FCE, WEP and IWEP. The results indicate that the FEP and WEP could be a fine resource of nutrients for consumers to select. In general, no considered differences observed in proximate components of WEP and IWEP. The results shows some differences in the analyzed chemical and physical parameters between WEP and IWEP. However, the tested physical and chemical parameters were all well within the acceptable limits for samples of FCE, WEP and IWEP.
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Compositions and microbial properties of gamma irradiated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel
Статья научная
Background: Gamma radiation is used to disinfestations and decontamination of dried food. Methods: The current study evaluates the outcome of gamma irradiation doses (0, 6 and 9 kGy) on chemical compositions and microbial load of apricot kernel during storage at ambient temperature. Results: Results indicated that apricot kernels were rich in oil (40.27%), protein (21.78%) and essential minerals (2.87% ash). Crude protein & fat and reduced sugars were not significantly affected by different gamma irradiation doses. In contrast, a statistically significant difference for moisture ash and total sugar was reported in comparison with the irradiated ones. Doses of the used gamma irradiation reduced the mean total viable count (TVC), mould and yeast count (MYC) and the total coliform counts (TC) in apricot kernel below the detection limit, and it remained undetectably low in irradiated samples during all months of storage. Conclusion: Gamma irradiation treatment may be a useful way for maintaining apricot kernel quality and can be used as a preservation method.
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Статья научная
Aim. The concentration of total protein in the hemolymph of the Australian red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, Von Martens 1868, contained in artificial conditions in closed water supply installations and an aquarium complex, was studied. Methodology. The object of the study was the Australian red-clawed crayfish, a total of 161 individuals were used in the experiment. Crayfish were kept in closed water supply installations. To study the protein concentration depending on the time of year, samples were taken and analyzed in the period 2021-2023: January - winter; April - spring; August - summer; September, October and November - autumn. To conduct an experiment to study the total protein content of cancer hemolymph, depending on the water temperature, three experimental groups of 15 cancers were formed in each. The experimental groups were seated in three aquariums, with a water temperature of 20, 25, 30 ° C. The duration of the crayfish exposure was 10 days. On the tenth day, hemolymph was collected. The total hemolymph protein was determined by the refractometric method.
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