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Статья научная
The investigation was carried out to determine serum gamma glutamyl transferase enzyme as a biomarker of stress and metabolic dysfunctions in Rathi cattle of arid tract in India. Blood samples were collected to harvest serum from healthy male and female, drought affected, ketotic cows, recently aborted cows, cows with diarrhoea, cows with traumatic pericarditis, calves with urinary calculi, cows affected with urea poisoning and cows affected with acidosis. The mean values of γ glutamyl transferase showed significant variations (p≤0.05) according to sex and age in the healthy group of animals. The normal range in healthy animals was from 12 to 34 UL-1. In affected group an average 23.69 times rise in the value was observed from that of healthy group. Cows affected with urea poisoning and acidosis were having highest mean values whereas drought affected animals were having least value. It was concluded that present study attempted to provide a new insight about an old enzyme. As the number of animals in the present study was statistically sufficient therefore the mean value of healthy group can be used as reference value for γ GT in Rathi cattle and other cattle breeds which can help to interpret the variations of serum γ GT in various metabolic diseases of cattle.
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Статья научная
Twenty genotypes consisting local collections and varieties of fenugreek were evaluated in (RBD) randomized block design for the assessment of genetic variability parameters. Genotypes under observation showed a significant variation (P=0.05) for characters under study. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability was recorded high for number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight and seed yield indicating wide range of variations among genotypes and offered opportunities for crop improvement. High to moderate heritability for all the characters under study with two genotypes having high genetic advance and rest of all having low genetic advance was observed among genotypes. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation among characters showed positive association of yield with days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, harvest index and test weight. The path coefficient study revealed that among all characters studied number of pods, harvest index, dry matter, number of seeds pod-1 and plant height had direct positive effect on seed yield indicating importance of characters for the selection of high yielding genotypes.
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Статья научная
The Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India has a long term systematic tree improvement programme for Eucalyptus species aimed at enhancing productivity and breeding for trait specific clones. In the process, thirty high yielding clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. were identified. Carbondioxide enrichment studies in special chambers help in understanding the changes at individual level, and also at physiological, biochemical and genetic level. It also provides valuable information for establishing plantations at different geographic locations. Considerable variations were observed when the selected 30 clones of E. camaldulensis were subjected to physiological studies under elevated CO 2 conditions (600 mol mol -1). Ten clones exhibited superior growth coupled with favourable physiological characteristics including high photosynthetic rate, carboxylation and water use efficiency under elevated carbon di oxide levels. Clones with minimal variation in physiological characteristics under elevated levels of CO 2 suggest their ability to overcome physiological stresses and adapt to varying climatic conditions.
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Статья научная
Background: Many active chemicals have been identified in therapeutic plants, which are a valuable source of medicine. Many medicinal herbs, including hepatotoxicity, have been utilized to treat a variety of illnesses under the traditional medical system of India. Your liver may be harmed by toxic liver disorders. It's referred to as toxic hepatitis or hepatotoxicity. If you don't get care, it can result in severe symptoms or damage to your liver. Hepatotoxicity may be brought on by drugs, herbal supplements, chemicals, solvents, and alcohol. The goal of the current study was to assess how multiherbal formulations affected hematological markers in albino rats who were experiencing hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride. Five plant extracts ( Curcuma longa, Allium sativum, Phyllanthus emblica, Solenum nigrum, and Ocimum tenuiflorum ) were combined to create three distinct formulations. Blood samples were taken from each rat and examined using conventional procedures (parameters) following daily administration of multiherbal formulations at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt. and the reference medicine (Silymarin) at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Measurements included hemoglobin, PCV, DLC, TLC, ESR, and PLT count.
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Статья научная
The effects of stress on organisms are wide ranging and so are the responses. In this study, exposures to different durations and intensity of hypoxia stress and their effects were considered. The present investigation focusses on the effects of short (<3h) and long term (8-12h) exposure to moderate (30-50% O2 saturation) as well as acute (<30% O2 saturation) hypoxia conditions on the haematological and immunological parameters in an airbreathing fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1872). A significant increase (p<0.05) in erythrocyte numbers was observed during exposure to both short and long term moderate hypoxia whereas WBC counts and haematocrit values showed significant (p<0.05) increase during exposure to short term acute hypoxia. The immunological parameters showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in total WBC counts, lymhopenia during short term exposure to moderate hypoxia and significant increase in total WBC count and neutrophilia, upon exposure to short term acute hypoxia. N/L (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) ratio – an important stress biomarker, was found to be increased significantly in the fishes exposed to short term acute hypoxia condition. H. fossilis, an airbreathing fish is adapted to living in low oxygen environments. An immunological stress is observed in this fish upon exposures to short duration (<3h) of both – moderate and acute hypoxia but not to exposures to long duration (8-12h). The results of this study are interesting as to how the duration and intensity of a stressor may exert variable influences in fish. The findings also appear significant in the light of adaptive mechanisms for stress tolerance operating in organisms.
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Статья научная
Seasonal variations in endocrine hormones concentrations are important for the survival of small mammals during acclimatization. In order to understand the role of leptin sensitivity on other endocrine hormones concentrations, we examined body mass, serum leptin level, serum insulin, tri-iodothyronine (T 3), thyroxine (T 4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in Tupaia belangeri under seasonal acclimatized (The simulated temperature and photoperiod in winter: 5°C and SD, 8h :16h Light: Dark; the simulated temperature and photoperiod in summer: 30°C and SD, 16h :8h Light: Dark) for 4 weeks. The results showed that body mass, serum leptin level, serum T 3, T 4 concentrations and T 3/ T 4 showed significant variation, but serum insulin and TSH concentrations showed no variations between treatment group. There were positive correlation between serum leptin level and insulin, T 4 concentrations, and were negative correlation between serum leptin level and body mass, T 3 concentrations. However, no correlation was found between serum TSH concentrations and serum leptin level. The present results suggested T. belangeri overcome winter thermogenesis challenges by adjusting body mass and endocrine hormones concentrations. Furthermore, leptin may play an potential role in their body mass regulation in T. belangeri.
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Статья научная
Effect of seawater salinity (10% and 25%) on growth vigor of root and shoot, water relations and protein as well as nucleic acids in flag leaves of two wheat cultivars (Salt sensitive var., Gemmieza-9 and salt resistant var., Sids-1) during grain-filling was investigated. In general, seawater at 10% and 25% caused noticeable reduction in almost all growth criteria of root, shoot and flag leaf which was consistent with the progressive alteration in water relations (RWC & SWD), protein and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) content of both varieties during grain filling. Furthermore, degree of leaf succulence and degree of leaf sclerophylly were severely affected by seawater stress in both wheat cultivars. The magnitude of reduction was more obvious at higher salinity levels than the lower one particularly in Gemmieza-9.
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Статья научная
Light stress is a major abiotic stress which adversely affects productivity of the plants. Tolerance to abiotic stresses is very complex, due to the intricate of interactions between stress factors and various molecular, biochemical and physiological phenomena affecting plant growth and development. In many cases, high yield potential can contribute to yield in moderate stress environment. We studied chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence parameters and analyzed D1 core protein in one year old plants of Jatropha curcus under different light regimes (10-1200 μmol m-2 s-1) in sun and shade plants. Chl a fluorescence provides insights into the responses of the photosynthetic system to increasing irradiance. Total Chl content was 1.43 and 0.61 mg/g-1 FM for shade and sun exposed plants respectively. The effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm') of the sun plants was lower as compared to shade plants but the amount of the D1 core protein was higher in plants grown under high light intensity. A decrease in ΔF/Fm' indicates down regulation of photosynthesis or photoinhibition. D1 protein is the membrane protein complex of the PSII reaction centre. The degradation of D1 protein may regulate the functioning of the PSII repair cycle under photoinhibitory conditions. It has been shown that low-light grown or shade plants are more susceptible to photoinhibition than high light or sun plants. This higher susceptibility is accompanied by slow degradation of damaged D1 protein. High light intensity or exposure to photooxidation leads to the irreversible damage in photosynthetic performance and consequently has an overall inhibitory effect on crop productivity.
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Статья научная
The leaf of coffee senna or septic weed, Senna occidentalis, is among the medicinal and toxic plants whose toxicity on fish has not thoroughly been assessed. The study used 120 Clarias gariepinus juveniles with an average body weight of 16 ± 2 g and length of 8.5 ± 0.5 cm, randomly distributed in 12 plastic tanks of 35 L capacity filled up to 10 L volumes of water, acclimatised for 14-day, and fed twice daily with 1.8 mm skretting feed. Various ethanol leaf extracts of Senna occidentalis (0, 3000, 5000 and 7000 mg L-1) were added with a 5 mL syringe across the 12 plastic tanks, adopting a renewal bioassay, following the range-finding test of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L-1, which had no visible impacts on the tested fish samples over 96-h. Five in-situ parameters (Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids) were monitored daily for water quality over 96 hours. Analysis of Variance analysed the data with the Duncan Multiple Range Test separating the mean. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences across the monitored water parameters. The control fish had normal histopathology (gills and liver), while the gill of the exposed fish had severe lamellar hyperplasia with complete occlusion and congestion of pillar capillaries. Moderate hepatic necrosis, mild sinusoidal congestion and atrophy of hepatocytes were observed on the liver of the test C. gariepinus. The study concluded that levels of the Senna occidentalis used in the main experiment exhibited phytotoxicity, thereby necessitating adherence to the levels used in the range-finding test.
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Water status and protein pattern changes towards salt stress in cotton
Статья научная
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate performance of four upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties, Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22), Niab78 (N78), Aleppo118 (A118) and Deltapine50 (DP50) grown under non-saline conditions (control) and salt stress (200 mM NaCl) for 7 weeks. During the course of the experiment, potential osmotic (ψ), leaf relative water content (RWC), water saturation deficit (WSD), membrane stability index (MSI), and salt tolerance index (STI) were measured. Moreover, protein pattern changes were detected under salt application. Data indicated that potential osmotic (ψ) considerably decreased under saline condition. Where, the lowest value was recorded for DP50 and A118, while the highest one was recorded for N78 and DE22. Whereas, RWC was strongly reduced for DP50 and A118, while, it was slightly increased for N78 and DE22 varieties. However, it was noticed that WSD showed an inverse trend of RWC. In contrast to DP50 and A118 varieties, both the estimated membrane stability index (MSI) and salt tolerance index (STI) were higher in N78 and DE22. In addition, salt application induced changes in protein pattern including decrease, increase or induction of some polypeptides bands. According to our results, N78 and DE22 varieties showed a better protection mechanism against salinity damage than the other two tested varieties.
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Статья научная
A study conducted in 2017 and 2018 investigated components of yield (CY) from upland rice plants predisposed to water stress at anthesis and germinability indices (GI) of harvested seeds stored at different storage temperatures. Sixteen treatments comprising four rice cultivars: CG-14, NERICA2, NERICA4 and FARO-66 predisposed to four periods of water stress [5, 10, 15 days interval and 100% Field capacity (control)] at grain filling were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates. Morphological and yield parameters and GI were evaluated following standard procedures. Data were analyzed using linear regression and ANOVA with means separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05). Occurrence of water stress at grain filling had deleterious effects on CY and GI of seeds of FARO-66 cultivar. NERICA4 and CG14 tolerated moisture stress better than NERICA2 and FARO-66. Sterility, unfilled grain and GI are strongly (R2=0.87) related to prolonged drought incidence. Occurrence of drought at generative growth stage in rice could cause total crop failure and poor seed germinability. Considering the unpredictability of rainfall season in rainfed farming system, irrigation plan should be essential cultural practice that must be factored into upland rice production to avoid crop failure.
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Статья научная
A key issue in salt adaptation is the osmotic adjustment, therefore, during ear emergence the effect of exogenous application of kinetin and spermine on osmotic pressure (OP) and solutes allocation (total soluble sugars, total soluble nitrogen, proline, organic acids and inorganic ions (Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and Cl -) were quantified in flag leaf of wheat plants irrigated by seawater at 25%. Seawater salinity induced significant increase in osmotic pressure. Furthermore, seawater stress induced marked increase in total soluble sugars, total soluble nitrogen, proline, organic acids, as well as Na +, K +, Ca ++, Mg ++, Cl - and P +++ in wheat flag leaf. On the other hand, seawater decreased SPR, SAR and PAR in flag leaves of wheat plants. Grain priming with kinetin, spermine or their interaction appeared to mitigate the ill effect of seawater on wheat plants by increasing its own capability to be more tolerant against seawater salinity by inducing additional increase in osmotic pressure and the osmolytes concentrations in flag leaf during ear emergence. Moreover, the effect was more pronounced with the interaction of kinetin and spermine treatment.
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Статья научная
The population is increasing day by day and agricultural land is occupied by urban cities because of the shortage of residential areas and by increasing the industries the pollution is at peak level that causes climate change and uses of chemical fertilizers the soil fertility is decreased. Due to these environmental conditions the overall yield of cereals crops is reduced. The wheat is a major food source for all over the world. But the production of wheat nowadays is more far from the requirement. After the availability of whole genome sequence of bread wheat opens many new opportunities for scientists. This whole genome helps in deep analysis and to formulate new breeding technology and to develop an advanced variety of bread wheat that fulfills the need of requirement. The environment conditions (abiotic and biotic stresses) have a severe impact on wheat growth and development that reduces the overall yield. In winter wheat the cold stress causes delay in the fruiting process and break in growth. After the availability of the whole genome of wheat the deep analysis showed the presence of some frost tolerance genes. The over expression of these genes in Arabidopsis showed the increase in frost tolerance. This deep analysis helps breeders to come up with more stress tolerance variety. It also helps in finding new molecular markers that help in marker assisted breeding and in speed breeding. The advancement of Genomic and Proteomic drive the crop biotechnology to resolve the shortage of food for a large population.
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Статья обзорная
Drought is a global problem, limiting crop production and quality, and it is more detrimental under climate change conditions. It decreases crop yield by affecting the key plant metabolic pathways. Drought triggers a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from cellular metabolism to changes in growth rates and crop yields. Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops and extensively cultivated in wide ranges of altitudes in Afghanistan. With an alarming population growth in the era of climatic change, there is a need for further crop improvement for sustainable production. Understanding the physiological and biochemical responses wheat to drought is essential for a holistic perception of resistance mechanisms to drought conditions. This review article has been divided into two parts, i.e., Physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to drought stress, and drought stress mitigation approaches. I+n the first part, physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to stress were discussed. Drought stress reduces relative water content of leaves, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability. It adversely affects photosynthesis by changing the inner structure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and chlorophyll content and minerals. Drought stress induces generation of active oxygen species, and the production of antioxidant enzymes in response to water stress as an adaptive mechanism against oxidative damage. This review article elucidates the physiological and biochemical responses of wheat to drought stress conditions and provides drought mitigation options that could contribute in food security under changing climate.
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Winter damage of frost semi-resistant half-cultured apple-trees varieties in Sounthern Predbaikal’ye
Статья научная
The study was focused on the varieties of macrocarpous semi-culture apple-trees, which are promising for growing in Southern Predbaikal’ye. Most of varieties studied were shown to be characterized by low winter-resistance in the case of low trunk grafting. Tree skeleton grafting demonstrated an increase of winter-resistance of macrocarpous semi-culture apple-trees.
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Статья научная
Objective: The present study is aimed to evaluate the curative effect of herbal ointment containing Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. against incision wound.
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Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Resistant Okra Varieties Found Exceptionally Sensitive to Salinity Stress
Статья научная
Background: Okra is a nutritious vegetable crop which is highly susceptible to yellow vein mosaic virus (YVMV), a biotic stress factor. Chemical control of YVMV is very difficult; hence a number of tolerant varieties are developed for cultivation. The abiotic stress factors like salinity, which may reduce the yield of YVMV resistant okra, are not yet assessed. Results: Six okra genotypes (Arka Anamika, Anjitha, Manjima, Aruna, Kiran and Susthira) exhibiting resistance to Yellow YVMV were screened for their tolerance to an abiotic stress, salinity. Individual healthy seeds were monitored from 7 to 50 days under saline conditions for seed germination and emergence assays respectively. Parameters like number of geminated seeds and the radicle length were measured and documented at 3rd, 5th and 7th day for the germination assay. Number of seeds emerged from soil by the first 5, 10 and 15 days, the length of the emerged plantlet on the 15th and 30th day and morphological changes of emerged plantlets thereafter, up to 50 days were observed for the emergence assay. The rate of germination, radicle length, percentage of emergence and plantlet length were found to decrease with increasing salinity. Conclusions: All the six YVMV resistant varieties were found to be sensitive to salinity stress irrespective of whether it is germination, emergence or vegetative phase. The resistance to YVMV thus couldn’t contribute any preformed intracellular osmoticum to overcome salt induced cell damage in okra.
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Yield contributing characters of wheat under normal and heat stress conditions
Статья научная
This study was conducted to identify yield and yield contributing attributes of wheat genotypes in response to heat stress. In this respect, eight wheat genotypes viz., Pavon-76, Prodip, BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-26, BAW-1143, BAW-1146, BAW-1147 and BAW-118 were used as study materials. The experiment was evaluated in relation to heat tolerance in field condition by seeding them at November 27 (normal), December 17 (late) and January 7 (very late growing condition) over two successive years. Spike length, spike number per plant, floret number per spike and grain number per spike, floret/spike, spike dry weight and individual seed weight (seed size), grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were observed highest at normal growing condition. At late and very late growing heat stress conditions, all the genotypes showed reduced performance in those parameters at different magnitudes. Heat tolerant genotypes had higher relative values in those attributes than the MHT and heat sensitive genotype at late growing condition. Late and very late growing heat stress conditions increased the sterility in all the genotypes. HSI calculated in stress environments to assess their stress potential on the basis of grain yield. The HSI values of Prodip, BAW-1146, BAW-1147, BAW-1148 and Pavon-76 were higher than 1.0, indicating that these genotypes were susceptible to heat stress. The HSI values of the remaining three wheat genotypes indicate their various levels of tolerance to high temperature. Among them BARI Gom-25, BARI Gom-26 and BAW-1143 were tolerant to heat stress.
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Zinc toxicity on antioxidative response in (Zea mays L.) at two different pH
Статья научная
Zn is the second most abundant transition metal after iron (Fe). Excess Zn can have negative effects on plants. The effect of Zn at two different pH on lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (EC), hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2), non-protein thiols (NPT) and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes Zea mays were investigated under controlled growth conditions. Zn-excess conditions increased the EC, MDA, H 2O 2 content and non-protein thiols and also activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased. Also zinc toxicity was higher in 4.5 pH than 7.5 pH.
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environmental stress, scavenging enzymes, ROS, biochemical constituents
Статья научная
Medicinal plants have been utilized in the treatment of a number of disorders, considering they have potential pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal and other activities. The existence of particular bioactive components in plants is linked to their medicinal efficiency. The current studies of Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. It is a halophytic salt-tolerant flowering plant, which belongs to the Tamaricaceae family, has significant medicinal uses, and is collected from Koddha, Gujarat, India. This plant is known for hypertension, stomach discomfort, hair loss, cough and asthma, paralysis, skin problems, swelling, wounds, jaundice, fever, and teeth infections. It is seen that not much research work is being carried out on phytochemical analysis of Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. from Gujarat state. The plant is mentioned in the Holy Quran, specifically in Surah Saba` (34:16), where it is referred to as “Athl’. The Quran describes how the people of Saba` (Sheba) were punished by Allah, and their gardens and trees, including Athl, were destroyed. This plant has been found to exhibit different pharmacological activities. The present study was to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis of different extracts of Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. This study examines the phytochemical composition of a plant and identifies the presence of bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, steroids and saponins in various solvents. These phytochemicals can be correlated to the plant’s medicinal properties.
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