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Статья научная
Heavy metal contamination is becoming a major threat to plants due to increasing industrialization. Copper is one of essential element required in trace amounts for the regular development of plants. Its excessive concentration alters the metabolism of plants. Brassinosteroids are polyhydoxylated steroidal plant hormone found to alleviate the various abiotic stresses including heavy metal stress. In the present study, effect of 24-EBL was studied in Brassica juncea plants under Cu stress. The B. juncea was grown in Cu (0, 0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM) treated soil. The seeds was soaked in the solution of 24-EBL (0, 10 -7, 10 -9 and 10 -11 M) for 8 hours. The plants were harvested on 45 th DAS. The harvested plants were used for the protein quantification and analysis of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GR, APOX, DHAR and MDHAR). The results revealed that Cu treatment lowered the protein content, while at the same time, application of 24-EBL improved the protein content. The activity of various enzymes increased under the Cu stress. The application of 24-EBl had further enhanced the activity of enzymes indicating that it may relieve the oxidative stress caused by the copper metal.
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Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot, a salt-tolerant wild leguminous forage crop in salt-affected soils
Статья научная
Plant scientists are investigating the potential of previously unexploited legume species where environmental and biological stresses constrain the use of more conventional forage crops or where these species are better suited to the needs of sustainable agriculture. Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot., Moroccan clover, occurs as a weed in different habitats in Morocco. It grows in moderately saline areas, where traditional forage legumes cannot be cultivated; however, it has not been widely studied despite its good palatability. The salt tolerance was studied between natural field conditions and glasshouse. The extensive field studies have recorded the species in many different habitats ranging from healthy agricultural lands to abandoned saline areas. The plants maintained high nodulation capacity (ranging between 60% and 97%) and nitrogenase activities (average 2.04 µmol C 2H 4 plant -1 h -1) in different habitats. Shoot systems of plants collected from salt-affected soils exhibited higher concentrations of Na + and Cl - than those collected from healthy soils. Greenhouse experiments showed that germination percentage and vigor value of the studied species was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected at 160 mM NaCl, and that 25% of the germination ability was maintained when growing on substrats containing 240 mM NaCl. The growth rate of seedlings was not signicantly affected by 160 mM NaCl but was reduced by 38% under 240 mM NaCl. Leaf succulence and indices of leaf water status did not differ among the salt treatments, whereas relative water content was reduced by only 8% and water content at saturation increased by about 12% at high salt concentrations in the growing medium. This study suggest recommending the cultivation of T. isthmocarpum in salt-affected soils, which are widespread and pose a problem for the farmers of Morocco and other countries in the world’s arid belt.
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Статья научная
The objective of the present study was to understand and evaluate the effects of water and hormonal stresses on seed germination and early seedling growth in kodo millet crop (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) and observations were recorded for partial seed germination and full seed germination after 6-days and 12-days of stress treatments. During water stress experiments, various concentrations of mannitol (50mM, 100mM, 250mM, 500mM, 750mM, and 1000mM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG- 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) respectively were employed. Results achieved during water stress treatments reveal that mannitol concentrations (250mM and 500mM) were proved to be very significant and causing promotions in seed germination and seedling growths instead of osmotic stress inhibition and therefore, after 12-days of treatments, the mean germination percentage were recorded as (100%±1.41) and (93±1.06) respectively in comparison to control (88%±0.84). However, further increased mannitol concentrations (750mM and above) were found to be lethal and seed germination (%) was found to be zero. Additionally, PEG treatments (5% and 10%) were found to cause gradual inhibitions in germination percentage (79%±0.63 and 71%±0.35) respectively. However, PEG concentrations (15% and above) were turned out to be toxic for seed germination. Furthermore, experiments were also designed to find out the responses of hormonal stresses during seed germination and early seedling growth in kodo millet and hence, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) in various concentrations (5mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, and 100mg/L) of each were employed. Moreover, ABA even at low concentration (5mg/ L) was proved to be very toxic and causes strong inhibitions in seed germination while in contrast, GA3 at high concentration (100mg/L) turns out to be significantly inhibitory for seed germination (47%±0.77) as compared to control (88%±0.84). Interestingly, GA3 at all tested concentrations were proved to be effective to cause significant promotions in seedling elongations.
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Статья обзорная
The emerging threat of antibiotic resistance and the formation of resilient biofilms pose a challenge to contemporary healthcare systems. This review dives into the interplay between antibiotic resistance mechanisms and biofilm production. Many pathogenic bacteria have an inherent ability of adhering tightly to a surface forming a complex matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) surrounding their cells. This is called a biofilm which allows pathogenic bacteria to survive in unsuitable environment. The adaptive nature of biofilms provides a protective shield against conventional antimicrobial agents, promoting chronic infections and complicating medical interventions. This phenomenon further adds to the ever-increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. Thus, there is an immediate necessity in developing novel strategies to deal with bacterial biofilms. In terms of human health, biofilms can be formed on mucosal surfaces and on surfaces of medical equipment. They are also a major reason for causing ‘biofouling’. Different approaches have been undertaken to counteract the menace of biofilms encompassing physical, chemical as well as biological methods. However, recent studies have shown that natural bioactive compounds found in fungal extracts, which has already been gaining attention due to their various properties like immunomodulatory activity, anti-tumor activity, antimicrobial activity etc., have the ability to prevent the formation as well as viability of biofilms through numerous mechanisms. This article thus explores the nuances of biofilm formation and its effects, and further delves deep into the convincing potential of the different components in fungal extracts against bacterial biofilms.
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Статья научная
Transcription factors play pivotal roles in the conversion of stress signal perception to stress-responsive gene expression. NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) domain proteins are plant-specific transcriptional factors known to play diverse roles in various plant developmental processes and received considerable attention as regulators in stress signaling. Considering the relatively large number of NAC transcription factors from different plants and their diverse roles under complex environmental stimuli remains a challenge. In this study, phylogenies, genome localizations, gene structure and expression profiles of NAC genes under high temperature and drought treatments, with a focus on Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) genotypes ( A. duranensis & A. ipaensis ) was performed. Thirty eight NAC genes from each genotype were detected, including eight membrane-bound members which includes AdNAC26, AdNAC36, AiNAC16, AiNAC17, AiNAC37, AdNAC14, AiNAC12 & AiNAC29. Majority of the identified NAC proteins had atleast four NAC domain containing conserved motifs and were found to be localized to nucleus. AdNAC21 and AiNAC3 were found to be positive regulators in drought and high temperature responses. Our results provides foundation for selection of promising stress- responsive NAC candidates for detailed plant functional analysis, leading to development of transgenic Peanut varieties with improved productivity under drought and high temperature.
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Unravelling cadmium induced noncoding RNAS and their validations from finger millet
Статья научная
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. Numerous studies have been increasing in respect to miRNA identification under stress conditions. In this study we analysed the expression patterns of seven miRNAs (miR156, 159, 169, 396, 397, 398 and 399) from cadmium stressed seedlings of Finger millet by RT-qPCR. Further these miRNAs were cloned and sequenced, which conformed its presence. Predicted targets and GO analysis of the miRNAs were found to be involved in diverse cellular processes in plants, development, apoptosis, detoxification, catalysis, protein modification. Cis-regulatory elements identification suggested their involvement in regulatory networks. This is the first study to demonstrate differentially expressed miRNA in Finger millet under cadmium stress. Findings in the present study prominence the role played by miRNAs in Finger millet under cadmium stress.
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Статья научная
The chloroplast antioxidant system in pokkali (vytilla-2), kaipad (ezhome-1) and upland (koduvelliyan) rice varieties showed upregulation of enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants under salt stress. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) with respect to the lipid peroxidation of thylakoid membrane, non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH) content, enzymatic antioxidants- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes viz, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were quantified using the isolated chloroplast fraction on the 7,14 and 21 days of NaCl treatment. Chlorophyll in the NaCl treated plants decreased concomitantly with an increase in NaCl concentration. The H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation, proportionate to MDA content and the enzymatic antioxidants of the chloroplast fraction upregulated during NaCl treatment. The specific activity of the chloroplast antioxidant and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (SOD, APX, GR, MDHAR and DHAR) showed salt dependant upregulation consistently with NaCl application. Salinity induced oxidative stress alleviation by the antioxidant system in the chloroplasts of these varieties indicate the effective cooperation between antioxidant and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and holds a vital role in combating the ROS generation, thus protecting the chloroplast in the aerobic environment.
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Uric acid level in advanced age of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term autoimmune disorder causes chronic inflammation of the joints. The pathogenesis of this disease is linked predominantly with the formation of free radicals at the site of inflammation. Uric Acid is an endogenous aqueous antioxidant and considerably higher than the ascorbate level, making it one of the major antioxidants to scavenges the singlet oxygen and radicals in the blood stream. The present study was aimed to estimate the Uric acid levels along with C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Malondialdehyde level and calcium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compared with healthy individual. Results showed that with the age matched control between 30-40 and 40-50 changes in the Uric acid level was not signification but showed significant elevation in C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Malondialdehyde level rate observed in the studied age group. The present study evidently concludes that advancing age decrease in the Uric acid level was observed both genders may insult in oxidative stress induced damage.
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Статья научная
A greenhouse test was conducted in 2011 and 2012 growing seasons at Giza Agricultural Research Station to evaluate the reaction of six cotton genotypes to damping-off incited by Fusarium oxysporum. Damping-off incidence on the genotypes ranged from 70-88%. In general, the genotypes could be divided into highly susceptible, susceptible, and moderately susceptible. Data for damping-off incidence and level or activity of some biochemical components (phenols, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase) were entered into a computerized linear regression analysis. The analysis contrasted seven predictive models by using the biochemical components, singly or in combination, as biochemical predictors. It was evident that models nos. 2 and 6 were the best models for predicting incidence of damping-off. The superiority of these models was attributed to their high R² values (0.748 and 0.902, respectively) and the significance of their F. values (P = 0.026 and P = 0.031, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that peroxidase alone or both peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, which may or may not parts of damping-off resistance mechanisms, can be used as biochemical markers to predict resistance to damping-off incited by F. oxysporum.
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Статья научная
The investigation was carried out to determine serum gamma glutamyl transferase enzyme as a biomarker of stress and metabolic dysfunctions in Rathi cattle of arid tract in India. Blood samples were collected to harvest serum from healthy male and female, drought affected, ketotic cows, recently aborted cows, cows with diarrhoea, cows with traumatic pericarditis, calves with urinary calculi, cows affected with urea poisoning and cows affected with acidosis. The mean values of γ glutamyl transferase showed significant variations (p≤0.05) according to sex and age in the healthy group of animals. The normal range in healthy animals was from 12 to 34 UL-1. In affected group an average 23.69 times rise in the value was observed from that of healthy group. Cows affected with urea poisoning and acidosis were having highest mean values whereas drought affected animals were having least value. It was concluded that present study attempted to provide a new insight about an old enzyme. As the number of animals in the present study was statistically sufficient therefore the mean value of healthy group can be used as reference value for γ GT in Rathi cattle and other cattle breeds which can help to interpret the variations of serum γ GT in various metabolic diseases of cattle.
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Статья научная
Twenty genotypes consisting local collections and varieties of fenugreek were evaluated in (RBD) randomized block design for the assessment of genetic variability parameters. Genotypes under observation showed a significant variation (P=0.05) for characters under study. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability was recorded high for number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, test weight and seed yield indicating wide range of variations among genotypes and offered opportunities for crop improvement. High to moderate heritability for all the characters under study with two genotypes having high genetic advance and rest of all having low genetic advance was observed among genotypes. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation among characters showed positive association of yield with days to fifty percent flowering, plant height, pod length, number of seeds pod-1, harvest index and test weight. The path coefficient study revealed that among all characters studied number of pods, harvest index, dry matter, number of seeds pod-1 and plant height had direct positive effect on seed yield indicating importance of characters for the selection of high yielding genotypes.
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Статья научная
The Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India has a long term systematic tree improvement programme for Eucalyptus species aimed at enhancing productivity and breeding for trait specific clones. In the process, thirty high yielding clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. were identified. Carbondioxide enrichment studies in special chambers help in understanding the changes at individual level, and also at physiological, biochemical and genetic level. It also provides valuable information for establishing plantations at different geographic locations. Considerable variations were observed when the selected 30 clones of E. camaldulensis were subjected to physiological studies under elevated CO 2 conditions (600 mol mol -1). Ten clones exhibited superior growth coupled with favourable physiological characteristics including high photosynthetic rate, carboxylation and water use efficiency under elevated carbon di oxide levels. Clones with minimal variation in physiological characteristics under elevated levels of CO 2 suggest their ability to overcome physiological stresses and adapt to varying climatic conditions.
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Статья научная
Background: Many active chemicals have been identified in therapeutic plants, which are a valuable source of medicine. Many medicinal herbs, including hepatotoxicity, have been utilized to treat a variety of illnesses under the traditional medical system of India. Your liver may be harmed by toxic liver disorders. It's referred to as toxic hepatitis or hepatotoxicity. If you don't get care, it can result in severe symptoms or damage to your liver. Hepatotoxicity may be brought on by drugs, herbal supplements, chemicals, solvents, and alcohol. The goal of the current study was to assess how multiherbal formulations affected hematological markers in albino rats who were experiencing hepatotoxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride. Five plant extracts ( Curcuma longa, Allium sativum, Phyllanthus emblica, Solenum nigrum, and Ocimum tenuiflorum ) were combined to create three distinct formulations. Blood samples were taken from each rat and examined using conventional procedures (parameters) following daily administration of multiherbal formulations at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt. and the reference medicine (Silymarin) at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. for 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Measurements included hemoglobin, PCV, DLC, TLC, ESR, and PLT count.
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Статья научная
Seasonal variations in endocrine hormones concentrations are important for the survival of small mammals during acclimatization. In order to understand the role of leptin sensitivity on other endocrine hormones concentrations, we examined body mass, serum leptin level, serum insulin, tri-iodothyronine (T 3), thyroxine (T 4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in Tupaia belangeri under seasonal acclimatized (The simulated temperature and photoperiod in winter: 5°C and SD, 8h :16h Light: Dark; the simulated temperature and photoperiod in summer: 30°C and SD, 16h :8h Light: Dark) for 4 weeks. The results showed that body mass, serum leptin level, serum T 3, T 4 concentrations and T 3/ T 4 showed significant variation, but serum insulin and TSH concentrations showed no variations between treatment group. There were positive correlation between serum leptin level and insulin, T 4 concentrations, and were negative correlation between serum leptin level and body mass, T 3 concentrations. However, no correlation was found between serum TSH concentrations and serum leptin level. The present results suggested T. belangeri overcome winter thermogenesis challenges by adjusting body mass and endocrine hormones concentrations. Furthermore, leptin may play an potential role in their body mass regulation in T. belangeri.
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Статья научная
Effect of seawater salinity (10% and 25%) on growth vigor of root and shoot, water relations and protein as well as nucleic acids in flag leaves of two wheat cultivars (Salt sensitive var., Gemmieza-9 and salt resistant var., Sids-1) during grain-filling was investigated. In general, seawater at 10% and 25% caused noticeable reduction in almost all growth criteria of root, shoot and flag leaf which was consistent with the progressive alteration in water relations (RWC & SWD), protein and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) content of both varieties during grain filling. Furthermore, degree of leaf succulence and degree of leaf sclerophylly were severely affected by seawater stress in both wheat cultivars. The magnitude of reduction was more obvious at higher salinity levels than the lower one particularly in Gemmieza-9.
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Статья научная
Light stress is a major abiotic stress which adversely affects productivity of the plants. Tolerance to abiotic stresses is very complex, due to the intricate of interactions between stress factors and various molecular, biochemical and physiological phenomena affecting plant growth and development. In many cases, high yield potential can contribute to yield in moderate stress environment. We studied chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence parameters and analyzed D1 core protein in one year old plants of Jatropha curcus under different light regimes (10-1200 μmol m-2 s-1) in sun and shade plants. Chl a fluorescence provides insights into the responses of the photosynthetic system to increasing irradiance. Total Chl content was 1.43 and 0.61 mg/g-1 FM for shade and sun exposed plants respectively. The effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm') of the sun plants was lower as compared to shade plants but the amount of the D1 core protein was higher in plants grown under high light intensity. A decrease in ΔF/Fm' indicates down regulation of photosynthesis or photoinhibition. D1 protein is the membrane protein complex of the PSII reaction centre. The degradation of D1 protein may regulate the functioning of the PSII repair cycle under photoinhibitory conditions. It has been shown that low-light grown or shade plants are more susceptible to photoinhibition than high light or sun plants. This higher susceptibility is accompanied by slow degradation of damaged D1 protein. High light intensity or exposure to photooxidation leads to the irreversible damage in photosynthetic performance and consequently has an overall inhibitory effect on crop productivity.
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Статья научная
The leaf of coffee senna or septic weed, Senna occidentalis, is among the medicinal and toxic plants whose toxicity on fish has not thoroughly been assessed. The study used 120 Clarias gariepinus juveniles with an average body weight of 16 ± 2 g and length of 8.5 ± 0.5 cm, randomly distributed in 12 plastic tanks of 35 L capacity filled up to 10 L volumes of water, acclimatised for 14-day, and fed twice daily with 1.8 mm skretting feed. Various ethanol leaf extracts of Senna occidentalis (0, 3000, 5000 and 7000 mg L-1) were added with a 5 mL syringe across the 12 plastic tanks, adopting a renewal bioassay, following the range-finding test of 500, 1000, and 1500 mg L-1, which had no visible impacts on the tested fish samples over 96-h. Five in-situ parameters (Dissolved Oxygen, Temperature, Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids) were monitored daily for water quality over 96 hours. Analysis of Variance analysed the data with the Duncan Multiple Range Test separating the mean. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences across the monitored water parameters. The control fish had normal histopathology (gills and liver), while the gill of the exposed fish had severe lamellar hyperplasia with complete occlusion and congestion of pillar capillaries. Moderate hepatic necrosis, mild sinusoidal congestion and atrophy of hepatocytes were observed on the liver of the test C. gariepinus. The study concluded that levels of the Senna occidentalis used in the main experiment exhibited phytotoxicity, thereby necessitating adherence to the levels used in the range-finding test.
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Water status and protein pattern changes towards salt stress in cotton
Статья научная
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate performance of four upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties, Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22), Niab78 (N78), Aleppo118 (A118) and Deltapine50 (DP50) grown under non-saline conditions (control) and salt stress (200 mM NaCl) for 7 weeks. During the course of the experiment, potential osmotic (ψ), leaf relative water content (RWC), water saturation deficit (WSD), membrane stability index (MSI), and salt tolerance index (STI) were measured. Moreover, protein pattern changes were detected under salt application. Data indicated that potential osmotic (ψ) considerably decreased under saline condition. Where, the lowest value was recorded for DP50 and A118, while the highest one was recorded for N78 and DE22. Whereas, RWC was strongly reduced for DP50 and A118, while, it was slightly increased for N78 and DE22 varieties. However, it was noticed that WSD showed an inverse trend of RWC. In contrast to DP50 and A118 varieties, both the estimated membrane stability index (MSI) and salt tolerance index (STI) were higher in N78 and DE22. In addition, salt application induced changes in protein pattern including decrease, increase or induction of some polypeptides bands. According to our results, N78 and DE22 varieties showed a better protection mechanism against salinity damage than the other two tested varieties.
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Статья научная
A study conducted in 2017 and 2018 investigated components of yield (CY) from upland rice plants predisposed to water stress at anthesis and germinability indices (GI) of harvested seeds stored at different storage temperatures. Sixteen treatments comprising four rice cultivars: CG-14, NERICA2, NERICA4 and FARO-66 predisposed to four periods of water stress [5, 10, 15 days interval and 100% Field capacity (control)] at grain filling were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with six replicates. Morphological and yield parameters and GI were evaluated following standard procedures. Data were analyzed using linear regression and ANOVA with means separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05). Occurrence of water stress at grain filling had deleterious effects on CY and GI of seeds of FARO-66 cultivar. NERICA4 and CG14 tolerated moisture stress better than NERICA2 and FARO-66. Sterility, unfilled grain and GI are strongly (R2=0.87) related to prolonged drought incidence. Occurrence of drought at generative growth stage in rice could cause total crop failure and poor seed germinability. Considering the unpredictability of rainfall season in rainfed farming system, irrigation plan should be essential cultural practice that must be factored into upland rice production to avoid crop failure.
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Статья научная
A key issue in salt adaptation is the osmotic adjustment, therefore, during ear emergence the effect of exogenous application of kinetin and spermine on osmotic pressure (OP) and solutes allocation (total soluble sugars, total soluble nitrogen, proline, organic acids and inorganic ions (Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+ and Cl -) were quantified in flag leaf of wheat plants irrigated by seawater at 25%. Seawater salinity induced significant increase in osmotic pressure. Furthermore, seawater stress induced marked increase in total soluble sugars, total soluble nitrogen, proline, organic acids, as well as Na +, K +, Ca ++, Mg ++, Cl - and P +++ in wheat flag leaf. On the other hand, seawater decreased SPR, SAR and PAR in flag leaves of wheat plants. Grain priming with kinetin, spermine or their interaction appeared to mitigate the ill effect of seawater on wheat plants by increasing its own capability to be more tolerant against seawater salinity by inducing additional increase in osmotic pressure and the osmolytes concentrations in flag leaf during ear emergence. Moreover, the effect was more pronounced with the interaction of kinetin and spermine treatment.
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