Статьи журнала - Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии
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Статья научная
The use of ion-plasma technologies for treatment of seeds of different crop plants is particularly important for regions that exist in environment of risk farming. This is due to the lack of supplies in the treatment, durability, reliability and performance of these technologies. However, the mixed results of studies obtained for different species and varieties of seeds, make it necessary to detail compare the effects of the low-temperature plasma products for different cultures. This paper presents the results of experimental studies of the effects of plasma products of surface dielectric barrier discharge on the germination of spring and winter wheat. It has been shown that irrespective of time and the exposure intensity laboratory germination of spring wheat seeds reduced of 74% in the control group to 52% of the treated seeds, while the germination of wheat seeds is not reduced even at a relatively long exposure (20 min). The modes of treatment (3 min, 2.1-2.4 kV) at which germination of winter wheat seeds increase from 81% in the control group to 87% of the treated seeds have been selected. Resistance of winter wheat seed germination to the product of the discharge plasma can be used to form the conditions for safe suppression of a variety of pathogenic organisms on the surface of seeds.
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Transgenic lines of Arabidopsis with HSP101 gene in sense and anti sense orientations acquired resistance to hard heat shock (50° C 10 min or 45-47° C 1 hour) and to freezing (-4° C 2 hours) due to the preliminary 2 hour’s heating at 37° C. Thus, it was shown at the first time that the induction of the resistance to hard heat shock and freezing with mild heat shock is possible in the absence of HSP101 synthesis. Thellungiella with the genome to 95-97% identical to the genome of Arabidopsis did not have higher resistance to high temperature, but was significantly more resistant to freezing. It differed from Arabidopsis by several times higher contents of HSP101, HSP60 and HSC70. Contents of these HSPs in Arabidopsis increased as a result of hardening at 4° C what was accompanied by the increase of the resistance to freezing. It is supposed that the resistances to heat and cold shocks are dependent not only from HSP101, but also from other HSPs.
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Effects of different concentrations of nickel sulphate and cadmium nitrate on germination, root and shoot growth, dry weight and changes in contents of total sugar, protein and pigments of this plant was studied. The study shows that the lower concentration of nickel has no effect or beneficial effect but application of higher level of nickel has an adverse effect. Cadmium reduced the percentage of germination, root and shoot length and dry weight of root and shoot. The content of pigments, total sugar and protein were also affected by cadmium nitrate and their contents were decreased.
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Статья научная
Background: Hepatotoxicity is one of the main side effects associated with Diclofenac sodium (DFS) administration. The present study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Erythrina senegalensis (HELEES) on DFS-induced hepatotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar rats, 5 per group, were used in this study. They were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (A-F) and treated for 21 days. Rats in Group A served as the control group and received distilled water orally; group B was given DFS at 10 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally (IP). HELEES were given to groups C and D at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Groups E and F were given DFS at 10 mg/kg + HELEES at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. Results: DFS administration significantly increased the bilirubin concentration and serum transaminases (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP) and LDH; total protein and albumin were significantly inhibited. There was a significant reduction in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitric oxide (NO) activity, together with a significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde (MAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). However, concurrent treatment with DFS + HELEES ameliorated the DFS-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. The results suggest that HELEES may offer some therapeutic effects against hepatic damage. In contrast to the control and HELEES-only groups, which had normal hepatic tissue morphology, rats given DFS alone developed hepatic necrosis and periportal inflammation, with the presence of numerous inflammatory cells and Kuppel cells. Examinations of liver samples from the groups given Concurrent treatment with DFS and HELEES revealed patterns that were comparable to those seen in the control group. Combining DFS with HELEES has always reduced the impact of DFS. Conclusions: Collectively, HELEES enhanced hepatic function in DFS-treated rats by suppressing nitrosative and oxidative stress.
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Статья научная
Salinity is one the major limiting environmental factors which has negative side effects on crop production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between the gradual and sudden salt stress effects on biomass accumulation associated with whole plant development in three different tissues of two wheat species (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum) under hydroponic conditions in the long term. Considering the effects of sudden and gradual stress for biomass accumulation, while importance of salinity x genotype interaction for fresh weights was 5%, association for salinity x tissue type was found as 1% important. Interestingly, root branching and development of lateral roots were much more negatively affected by gradual stress rather than sudden salt application. Our results demonstrated that root and leaf were both critical tissues to test the salt tolerance by physiologically but sheath tissue might be used as an alternative source of variation for solving the interactions between root and leaves in wheat.
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Topoisomerase induced DNA damage coupled diseases and therapeutic potential
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Topoisomerase is an essential enzyme which regulates the topological state of DNA supercoils during replication and transcription. Topoisomerases cleave either one or two DNA strands and then re-join the cleaved strands after passing the intact strand or a double strand through the gap respectively. During relaxation of supercoiled DNA, if topoisomerase is trapped by drugs or alteration of DNA structure, they stabilize topoisomerase-DNA cleavage complex which leads to DNA damage. If Topoisomerase cleavage complex is trapped by any anticancer or others drug, exogenous and endogenous DNA lesion involving mismatches, abasic sites, oxidative damage etc. it may cause DNA damage. DNA damages leads to several diseases such as tumorigenesis, autoimmune disease, Angelman syndrome, SCAN1, SCAR23, Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC), cancer therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. Topoisomerase uses as a potential drug target to manage infectious diseases like leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, pneumococcal, dengue, yellow fever, corona virus, gastrointestinal infection. Here we review the recent information about the topoisomerase mediated DNA damage, related diseases, role of topoisomerase in heterochromatin structure and uses of topoisomerase as drug target in many diseases.
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Статья научная
A study has been conducted to observe the toxic effect of leachate from cigarette origin tobacco leaf and extracts of cigarette smoke on Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum L.). Results showed that germination index significantly vary with concentration. Almost all the treated seeds germinated within five days of incubation. However tobacco leaf extract showed 85 % germination with same days of incubation. The growth parameters like root length, shoot length, number of leaf per plant, shoot diameter, root and shoot fresh and dry weight etc. changes according the concentration gradient. The highest pigment content and germination index were recorded in treatment T4.
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Toxicity concerns of semiconducting nanostructures on aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata
Статья научная
In this article, we have examined toxicity of nanostructures such as flower-like ZnO capped with starch, spherical uncapped ZnO and spherical CdS on aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata, which has not done before. Hydrilla plant was exposed by these nanoparticles at a concentration of 400 mg/L for 7 days and changes in the biochemical parameters such as catalase activity, chlorophyll content and protein content were observed. It was perceived that spherical CdS nanoparticles were more toxic than the corresponding ZnO nanoparticles since there was a decrease in chlorophyll content and increase in catalase activity. This effort upsurge an interest in understanding the hazards of nanomaterials and their risk, which poses an impact on our environment and how they can be monitored via simple biochemical assays on plant systems.
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Статья научная
Expression profile of VvPHO1 gene, abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) were investigated in Baladi grapevine cultivar and B41 grapevine rootstock after different times (24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) of exposure to 2 dS/m sea water (SW). Quantitative RT-qPCR test revealed that the VvPHO1 gene, showed up-regulation from 0.27 to 2.61-fold in Baladi cv. and from 0.5 to 6.1-fold in B41 rootstock when exposure time increased from 24 to 96 h. Moreover, SW treatment caused decrease in total ABA content from 419.15 to 128 ng/g (3.274 fold) in Baladi cv. and from 1674.95 to 1559 ng/g (1.074 fold) in B41 rootstock when exposure time increased from 24 to 96 h. As for total SA, this parameter followed inverse tendency in Baladi cv. and B41 rootstock; it decreased from 126.45 to 25.6 ng/g (4.94 fold) in Baladi cv. and increased from 9.54 to 147 ng/g (15.41 fold) in B41 rootstock when exposure time increased from 24 to 96 h. Overall, data showed that VvPHO1 transcript pattern was closely related with SA level in B41 rootstock; referring that SA phytohormone could be implicated in VvPHO1 genes pathway mediates salt tolerance in grapevines.
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Статья научная
Heavy metal contamination is becoming a major threat to plants due to increasing industrialization. Copper is one of essential element required in trace amounts for the regular development of plants. Its excessive concentration alters the metabolism of plants. Brassinosteroids are polyhydoxylated steroidal plant hormone found to alleviate the various abiotic stresses including heavy metal stress. In the present study, effect of 24-EBL was studied in Brassica juncea plants under Cu stress. The B. juncea was grown in Cu (0, 0.25mM, 0.50mM and 0.75mM) treated soil. The seeds was soaked in the solution of 24-EBL (0, 10 -7, 10 -9 and 10 -11 M) for 8 hours. The plants were harvested on 45 th DAS. The harvested plants were used for the protein quantification and analysis of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GR, APOX, DHAR and MDHAR). The results revealed that Cu treatment lowered the protein content, while at the same time, application of 24-EBL improved the protein content. The activity of various enzymes increased under the Cu stress. The application of 24-EBl had further enhanced the activity of enzymes indicating that it may relieve the oxidative stress caused by the copper metal.
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Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot, a salt-tolerant wild leguminous forage crop in salt-affected soils
Статья научная
Plant scientists are investigating the potential of previously unexploited legume species where environmental and biological stresses constrain the use of more conventional forage crops or where these species are better suited to the needs of sustainable agriculture. Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot., Moroccan clover, occurs as a weed in different habitats in Morocco. It grows in moderately saline areas, where traditional forage legumes cannot be cultivated; however, it has not been widely studied despite its good palatability. The salt tolerance was studied between natural field conditions and glasshouse. The extensive field studies have recorded the species in many different habitats ranging from healthy agricultural lands to abandoned saline areas. The plants maintained high nodulation capacity (ranging between 60% and 97%) and nitrogenase activities (average 2.04 µmol C 2H 4 plant -1 h -1) in different habitats. Shoot systems of plants collected from salt-affected soils exhibited higher concentrations of Na + and Cl - than those collected from healthy soils. Greenhouse experiments showed that germination percentage and vigor value of the studied species was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected at 160 mM NaCl, and that 25% of the germination ability was maintained when growing on substrats containing 240 mM NaCl. The growth rate of seedlings was not signicantly affected by 160 mM NaCl but was reduced by 38% under 240 mM NaCl. Leaf succulence and indices of leaf water status did not differ among the salt treatments, whereas relative water content was reduced by only 8% and water content at saturation increased by about 12% at high salt concentrations in the growing medium. This study suggest recommending the cultivation of T. isthmocarpum in salt-affected soils, which are widespread and pose a problem for the farmers of Morocco and other countries in the world’s arid belt.
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Статья научная
The objective of the present study was to understand and evaluate the effects of water and hormonal stresses on seed germination and early seedling growth in kodo millet crop (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) and observations were recorded for partial seed germination and full seed germination after 6-days and 12-days of stress treatments. During water stress experiments, various concentrations of mannitol (50mM, 100mM, 250mM, 500mM, 750mM, and 1000mM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG- 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) respectively were employed. Results achieved during water stress treatments reveal that mannitol concentrations (250mM and 500mM) were proved to be very significant and causing promotions in seed germination and seedling growths instead of osmotic stress inhibition and therefore, after 12-days of treatments, the mean germination percentage were recorded as (100%±1.41) and (93±1.06) respectively in comparison to control (88%±0.84). However, further increased mannitol concentrations (750mM and above) were found to be lethal and seed germination (%) was found to be zero. Additionally, PEG treatments (5% and 10%) were found to cause gradual inhibitions in germination percentage (79%±0.63 and 71%±0.35) respectively. However, PEG concentrations (15% and above) were turned out to be toxic for seed germination. Furthermore, experiments were also designed to find out the responses of hormonal stresses during seed germination and early seedling growth in kodo millet and hence, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) in various concentrations (5mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, and 100mg/L) of each were employed. Moreover, ABA even at low concentration (5mg/ L) was proved to be very toxic and causes strong inhibitions in seed germination while in contrast, GA3 at high concentration (100mg/L) turns out to be significantly inhibitory for seed germination (47%±0.77) as compared to control (88%±0.84). Interestingly, GA3 at all tested concentrations were proved to be effective to cause significant promotions in seedling elongations.
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The emerging threat of antibiotic resistance and the formation of resilient biofilms pose a challenge to contemporary healthcare systems. This review dives into the interplay between antibiotic resistance mechanisms and biofilm production. Many pathogenic bacteria have an inherent ability of adhering tightly to a surface forming a complex matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) surrounding their cells. This is called a biofilm which allows pathogenic bacteria to survive in unsuitable environment. The adaptive nature of biofilms provides a protective shield against conventional antimicrobial agents, promoting chronic infections and complicating medical interventions. This phenomenon further adds to the ever-increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. Thus, there is an immediate necessity in developing novel strategies to deal with bacterial biofilms. In terms of human health, biofilms can be formed on mucosal surfaces and on surfaces of medical equipment. They are also a major reason for causing ‘biofouling’. Different approaches have been undertaken to counteract the menace of biofilms encompassing physical, chemical as well as biological methods. However, recent studies have shown that natural bioactive compounds found in fungal extracts, which has already been gaining attention due to their various properties like immunomodulatory activity, anti-tumor activity, antimicrobial activity etc., have the ability to prevent the formation as well as viability of biofilms through numerous mechanisms. This article thus explores the nuances of biofilm formation and its effects, and further delves deep into the convincing potential of the different components in fungal extracts against bacterial biofilms.
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Статья научная
Transcription factors play pivotal roles in the conversion of stress signal perception to stress-responsive gene expression. NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) domain proteins are plant-specific transcriptional factors known to play diverse roles in various plant developmental processes and received considerable attention as regulators in stress signaling. Considering the relatively large number of NAC transcription factors from different plants and their diverse roles under complex environmental stimuli remains a challenge. In this study, phylogenies, genome localizations, gene structure and expression profiles of NAC genes under high temperature and drought treatments, with a focus on Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) genotypes ( A. duranensis & A. ipaensis ) was performed. Thirty eight NAC genes from each genotype were detected, including eight membrane-bound members which includes AdNAC26, AdNAC36, AiNAC16, AiNAC17, AiNAC37, AdNAC14, AiNAC12 & AiNAC29. Majority of the identified NAC proteins had atleast four NAC domain containing conserved motifs and were found to be localized to nucleus. AdNAC21 and AiNAC3 were found to be positive regulators in drought and high temperature responses. Our results provides foundation for selection of promising stress- responsive NAC candidates for detailed plant functional analysis, leading to development of transgenic Peanut varieties with improved productivity under drought and high temperature.
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Unravelling cadmium induced noncoding RNAS and their validations from finger millet
Статья научная
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. Numerous studies have been increasing in respect to miRNA identification under stress conditions. In this study we analysed the expression patterns of seven miRNAs (miR156, 159, 169, 396, 397, 398 and 399) from cadmium stressed seedlings of Finger millet by RT-qPCR. Further these miRNAs were cloned and sequenced, which conformed its presence. Predicted targets and GO analysis of the miRNAs were found to be involved in diverse cellular processes in plants, development, apoptosis, detoxification, catalysis, protein modification. Cis-regulatory elements identification suggested their involvement in regulatory networks. This is the first study to demonstrate differentially expressed miRNA in Finger millet under cadmium stress. Findings in the present study prominence the role played by miRNAs in Finger millet under cadmium stress.
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Halophytic plants serve as vital and essential sources of natural products for human health, possessing significant potential for the development of novel pharmaceuticals. Halophytes encounter severe heat and salinity stress, which stimulates the synthesis of secondary metabolites to mitigate the stress. Halophytes are distributed from coastal regions to desert regions throughout the world. This study commenced with the selection of two valuable edible halophytes: Suaeda fruticosa (Forssk. Ex. J. F. Gmel.) and Suaeda nudiflora (Willd.) Moq. belonging to the Amaranthaceae family and are extensively found in the North Gujarat regions, India. Phytochemical study of the stem and leaves components of both species during the summer and rainy seasons was conducted to analyse metabolites such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, coumarins, and terpenoids. Also investigate total phenolic, total flavonoid, total tannin, and total steroid contents along with spectrophotometric analysis. A comparative analysis of both species with seasonal change reveals differing quantities of phytochemical contents in their respective portions. During the summer season, both species exhibit a greater concentration of bioactive chemicals compared to the rainy season due to their ability to withstand elevated stress levels during this period. The primary phytochemical study indicates that nearly all groups are present in methanol, water, chloroform, and ethyl acetate in the leaves and stem sections of both species, with S. nudiflora exhibiting superior phytochemical content compared to S. fruticosa. The results based on FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups like alcohol, phenol, aliphatic, anhydrides, aromatics, amide, cyclic ether, saturated aliphatic lipids and aliphatic amines. Both Suaeda species are significant sources of many bioactive compounds, which can be utilised in the pharmaceutical sector and medication formulation.
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The chloroplast antioxidant system in pokkali (vytilla-2), kaipad (ezhome-1) and upland (koduvelliyan) rice varieties showed upregulation of enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants under salt stress. The levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) with respect to the lipid peroxidation of thylakoid membrane, non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH) content, enzymatic antioxidants- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes viz, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were quantified using the isolated chloroplast fraction on the 7,14 and 21 days of NaCl treatment. Chlorophyll in the NaCl treated plants decreased concomitantly with an increase in NaCl concentration. The H2O2 content and lipid peroxidation, proportionate to MDA content and the enzymatic antioxidants of the chloroplast fraction upregulated during NaCl treatment. The specific activity of the chloroplast antioxidant and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes (SOD, APX, GR, MDHAR and DHAR) showed salt dependant upregulation consistently with NaCl application. Salinity induced oxidative stress alleviation by the antioxidant system in the chloroplasts of these varieties indicate the effective cooperation between antioxidant and ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and holds a vital role in combating the ROS generation, thus protecting the chloroplast in the aerobic environment.
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Uric acid level in advanced age of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term autoimmune disorder causes chronic inflammation of the joints. The pathogenesis of this disease is linked predominantly with the formation of free radicals at the site of inflammation. Uric Acid is an endogenous aqueous antioxidant and considerably higher than the ascorbate level, making it one of the major antioxidants to scavenges the singlet oxygen and radicals in the blood stream. The present study was aimed to estimate the Uric acid levels along with C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Malondialdehyde level and calcium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compared with healthy individual. Results showed that with the age matched control between 30-40 and 40-50 changes in the Uric acid level was not signification but showed significant elevation in C-reactive protein, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Malondialdehyde level rate observed in the studied age group. The present study evidently concludes that advancing age decrease in the Uric acid level was observed both genders may insult in oxidative stress induced damage.
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A greenhouse test was conducted in 2011 and 2012 growing seasons at Giza Agricultural Research Station to evaluate the reaction of six cotton genotypes to damping-off incited by Fusarium oxysporum. Damping-off incidence on the genotypes ranged from 70-88%. In general, the genotypes could be divided into highly susceptible, susceptible, and moderately susceptible. Data for damping-off incidence and level or activity of some biochemical components (phenols, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase) were entered into a computerized linear regression analysis. The analysis contrasted seven predictive models by using the biochemical components, singly or in combination, as biochemical predictors. It was evident that models nos. 2 and 6 were the best models for predicting incidence of damping-off. The superiority of these models was attributed to their high R² values (0.748 and 0.902, respectively) and the significance of their F. values (P = 0.026 and P = 0.031, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that peroxidase alone or both peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase, which may or may not parts of damping-off resistance mechanisms, can be used as biochemical markers to predict resistance to damping-off incited by F. oxysporum.
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