Статьи журнала - Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии
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Статья научная
Pepper (Capsicum spp.) growth and yield are reduced because of its susceptibility to water shortage which may be improved by application of potassium salts. Effects of concentrations of K2SO4 and KNO3 on growth and some yield parameters of C. annuum L. and C. chinense L. under artificially initiated drought were studied. Growth parameters like fresh and dry weights, Leaf Area Ratio, Leaf Weight Ratio, Relative Growth Rate and Net Assimilation Rate were determined at harvest. Yield parameters like number of flowers, number of fruit, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fresh weight and fruit dry weight were determined. There was a significant interaction of salt types, water levels and pepper types on all the growth, yield and biomass parameters studied.
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In the present study, Labeo rohita were exposed to carbosulfan for 96 h. Experimental fishes which measured an average length of 6±7 cm and weighed 6.5±7.5g. Nine groups with three replicates of experimental fish were exposed to seven concentrations of carbosulfan. The containers used for the test media of 15 L capacity, filled with dechlorinated water. Where maximum 10 fishes were used in our experiments for each concentration, 10 fishes were also maintained in separate container along with experimental groups, served as control. The median lethal concentrations (LC 50) of carbosulfan for 96 h were 1.2mg/l, respectively. In addition, to dose and dose-time dependent increase in mortality rate, the behavioral changes of L. rohita at different concentrations of carbosulfan were determined. Physiological responses like rapid opercular movement, hyper secretion of mucus and frequent gulping of air was observed during the initial stages of exposure after which it became occasional. The unusual behaviour of the fish L. rohita in stress condition may be due to obstructed functions of neurotransmitters. All these observations can be considered to monitor the quality of aquatic ecosystem and severity of pollution. In conclusion, carbosulfan was moderately toxic to freshwater fish L. rohita
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Статья научная
Acute lethality usually determined as LD50 is defined as median dose predicted to kill 50 percent of a given test population. LD50 is a statistical estimate of the number of milligram of toxicant per kilo gram of body weight administered by any of the methods like oral, dermal, inhalation, or intravenous and is sufficient to kill 50 percent of the large population of test animals usually within certain time. Determination of LD50 has always been a much controversial subject among biologists and animal ethicists due to painful treatments on large number of animals. However, to assess the toxicity of various chemicals on different organisms Median lethal dose is still being used by toxicologists to determine acute lethality to non-target organisms. In the present study we aimed to determine the LD50 of two carbamate insecticides bendiocarb and carbaryl on a non-target species Calotes versicolor a reptilian model. An approximate LD50 was initially determined as a pilot study by a so called ‘staircase method’ using only 2 animals (for each dose) and increasing the doses of the drug. Five doses 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/kg body weight for bendiocarb and 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 mg/kg body weight for carbaryl were chosen for determination of LD50 starting from no death to 100% mortality. Intraperitoneal LD50 value calculated by regression analysis is 15.57 and 64.97 mg/kg body weight for bendiocarb and carbaryl respectively in male Calotes versicolor. The result confirms that bendiocarb is more potent than carbaryl in Calotes suggesting that bendiocarb may cause death even at smaller doses in comparison to carbaryl. Our results will help in adding to the fact sheet related to carbamate toxicity in reptiles.
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Determination of pesticide residues in freshwater fish tissues by gas liquid chromatography
Статья научная
In this present study, identification and quantification pesticide residues in freshwater fish Labeo rohita . Gas Liquid chromatography (GLC) method is successfully developed for the determination of profenofos residues. The fish were exposed to 1/10th sublethal concentration of profenofos 10 µg/L-1 for 15 days. After the exposure fish was sacrifice and organs like Gil, Liver, Kidney, and Muscle were separated, the fish samples were extracted with n-Hexane, cleaned up and purified through solid-phase extraction method. The residues are in the following order, Gill > Muscle > Kidney > Liver, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of profenofos in Labeo rohita leads to increased accumulation of pesticide residues in tissues.
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Diabetes mellitus is a group of chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated level of glucose in blood. It is expected that by the year 2030, the number of diabetes will rise up to 439 million, and greater than 90% have type 2 diabetes. In vitro antidiabetic potential of ethanol extract of Parmelia perlata Ach. (EEPP) was determined by evaluating the inhibitory enzymes of α- amylase, sucrase and α- glucosidase. Glucose adsorption, diffusion, glucose uptake by yeast cell and non-enzymatic glycation parameters were also studied. Cytotoxic assay and glucose uptake assay were carried out in 3T3L1 cell line. Ethanolic extract of Parmelia perlata Ach. showed dose dependent effect on inhibition of sucrase, α- amylase and α- glucosidase. Results for glucose bounding capacity, glucose diffusion, glucose uptake by yeast cell and non- enzymatic glycation were also promising. In vitro studies in 3T3L1 preadipocyte cell line showed effective non cytotoxicity and enhanced glucose uptake. From the data of the experiment it was evident that EEPP might be a potent natural drug source for treating diabetes mellitus.
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Determining legume plants that tolerate dryness and grow in dry lateritic soil
Статья научная
In arid regions, productivity is restricted by an abundance of water. The objective of the research is to screen of suitability of some legume plants in the dry laterite soil of Purulia and adjoining districts in West Bengal, India. Seedlings (25 days old) of Acacia mangium Willd., Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth, Bauhinia acuminata Linn. of the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) is subject to PEG- induced water stress (- 0.5 and -1.0 MPa) to assess their relative water content and the contents of chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugars and proline in leaves as well as activities of enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In leaves of the seedlings, chlorophyll and protein contents decline with increasing levels of PEG-induced water stress in the case of all species whereas the amount of soluble sugar and proline content increases in all species with increasing levels of water stress. The enzyme activity of catalase, peroxidase and SOD decreased with increased level of water stress. Such decline in the activity of these enzymes was least in B. acuminata . Apparently, B. acuminata is potentially most tolerant to water stress among the plants studied.
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Статья научная
Wagatea spicata (Dalzell) Wight [Moullava spicata (Dalzell) Nicolson] exhibits a diverse concentration of biologically active constituents such as Lupeol, Bergenin, Stigmasterol, Friedelin, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Palmitic acid, Gamma sitosterol,13docosenamide, squalene and n-Tetracosanol-1. Present work focuses on development and validation of a precise, accurate and reproducible HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of three pharmacologically active phytochemical markers 13docosenamide, squalene and n-Tetracosanol-1 from the aerial parts of Wagatea spicata.
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Статья научная
The present study was intended to reveal the differential isoesterase expression in leaves and roots of Vigna unguiculata L. in response to saline stress. Influence of NaCl (0, 3, 5, 7 and10 %) on seedlings of Vigna unguiculata L. was analyzed. The seedlings were grown in the centre for a period of 30 days. The randomly collected whole plants were used as a source for isoesterase isolation. The seedlings showed the maximum tolerance up to 10% of NaCl. The Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed by Anbalagan method. The staining and fixation of the enzyme was performed by the Sadasivam and Manickam method. Seedlings treated with various concentrations of NaCl showed different banding profile based on the concentration (0-10%) and duration (5-30 days) of salt treatment as follows: 32 bands with five active regions, 56 bands with eight active regions, 102 bands with eight active regions, 47 bands with seven active regions, 64 bands with nine active regions and 84 bands with nine active regions on 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th day respectively. The changing pattern of isozymes during development may be interpreted as evidence for differential timing of gene expression correlated with the physiological stress. The results of the present study concluded that the isoesterase patterns could serve as a useful biochemical marker of salinity.
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Статья научная
French bean is ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) widely grown legume worldwide and is the most important pulse crop in the Indian subcontinent. The productivity is adversely affected by a large number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of plant responses to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Boron (B) toxicity is a significant limitation to cereal crop production worldwide. In this study, RT-qPCR confirmed seven miRNAs were responsive to boron toxicity. The known predicted targets and their functional analysis revealed that most of the targets represent transcription factors. GO results supported our hypothesis that miRNAs were found to be involved in diverse cellular processes, including plant circadian cycle, vegetative development, transcription, and cross adaptation. The results obtained would provide new insights to the complex regulatory mechanism employing small non-coding regulatory RNAs toward stress adaptation.
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Статья научная
Background: The current study focuses on the participation of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) as well as antioxidant activity in germinating soybean seeds under abiotic stress. The context and purpose of the study: For this study, soybean seeds were subjected to three abiotic stresses namely drought, flood, and salinity for 3 days. Method: The estimation of TPC and TFC was performed by FTIR and spectrophotometric method. The spectrophotometric estimation of TPC and TFC was performed by Folin Ciocalteu and Aluminium Chloride method respectively. Results: The highest TPC (68.78 µg gallic acid/ml) and TFC content (6.23 µg quercetin/ml) found in drought treated seeds for one day. In terms of the DPPH scavenging assay, the highest (67.63%) and lowest (46.83%) percentage of inhibition was observed on the1st and 3rd day of salinity stress respectively. Results of the current study also showed a strong positive correlation between TPC and TFC analyzed by FTIR and Spectral data. Conclusion: The study supports the role of phenolic and flavonoid in germinating soybean seeds under abiotic stress.
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Статья научная
The seedborne Pyrenophora graminea and the soilborne Cochliobolus sativus are economical fungal pathogens of barley worldwide. To better understand barley mechanisms to resist these two pathogens, expression of two well known defense-related genes PAL and PR2 were monitored in resistant and susceptible barley cultivars at early points of infection using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Data showed significant variance in the expression patterns of both genes between barley P. graminea or C. sativus interactions as compared to the non-inoculated controls. It is also notable that PAL and PR2 genes have a higher expression and faster induction in the resistant cultivar as compared with the susceptible one after infection with each pathogen. However, qPCR analysis revealed higher gene expression in resistant barley plants inoculated with seedborne P. graminea as compared with soilborne C. sativus , with a maximum expression for PAL (15 and 6.8-fold) at 72 hours post inoculation and PR2 (13.2 and 5.3-fold) at 96hpi, respectively. Our data suggest that PAL and PR2 genes , positively regulate P. graminea and C. sativus-resistance in barley plants during disease progress, which can provide useful information for a deeper molecular research on barley defense responses against pathogens with different infection styles.
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Differential response of two scented indica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars under salt stress
Статья научная
Present report deals with the effect of varying (0 - 200 mM NaCl) salt stress on two popular scented non-basmati type indica rice cultivars, namely Indrayani and Ambemohar on germination and growth and biochemical parameters. In the present investigation the effect of increasing salt stress was seen on germination, biomass production and biochemical parameters including total protein content, proline accumulation, starch content, polyphenols levels, and reducing and non-reducing sugars. Contrasting behavior was evidenced in both the cultivars in terms of germination rate and biomass production at seedling and early vegetative growth level. Salt stress-induced proline accumulation was observed in both the cultivars, however, with much higher extent of proline accumulation in Ambemohar than Indrayani. A salinity stress of 200 mM NaCl resulted into 305% higher proline content than the control plants of Ambemohar against 222% higher proline in Indrayani at the same stress level. Similarly protein content was also higher in Ambemohar than Indrayani at the highest stress level used in this study. Contrasting results were seen in terms of starch content amongst both the cultivars, where continuous decrease with increasing salt stress was observed in Indrayani, on the other hand, an increase in starch content was evident in Ambemohar under the influence of NaCl-induced salt stress. These finding clearly indicates the comparably higher salt tolerant nature of Ambemohar than Indrayani which might be attributed to higher proline, protein and starch content than Indrayani cultivar under salt stress.
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Статья научная
The present study was carried out to study the variation of antioxidative potentials in terms of activities of antioxidative enzymes along with the accumulation of osmolytes and plant growth in the leaves of two groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars namely K-134 and JL-24 under three levels of water supply conditions. Growth retardation in terms of root and shoot length, and in relation to the severity of drought stress was more pronounced in susceptible cv. JL-24 than in in tolerant cv. K-134.The leaves of cv. JL-24 showed greater reduction in dry weight and relative water content (RWC) when compared to cv. K-134 with increasing stress intensity. The activities of antioxidative enzymes which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and osmolytes such as proline and glycinebetaine were significantly high in the water-stressed leaves of both cultivars and the magnitude of increase was dependent on the severity of stress. These results highlight the ability of groundnut cultivars to up-regulate the enzymatic antioxidant system and osmolytes to withstand oxidative during water deficit conditions. However, the extent of up-regulation varied between the cultivars K-134 and JL-24, leading to the higher amounts of antioxidants and osmolytes in cv.K-134, supporting its drought tolerance. Furthermore, the drought tolerant nature of cultivar K-134 was well supported by lower rates of membrane lipid peroxidation, electrolytic leakage and chlorophyll breakdown.
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Статья научная
A pot experiment was conducted on Plumbago zeylanica L. (Chitrak) under controlled water stress environment in greenhouse during the kharif season. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with five treatments of different water stress levels i.e. control, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% and four replications. Out of five stress levels, 80% water stress has influenced root length, dry herbage, plumbagin, potassium and proline content. In control conditions the plant height, number of leaf, total leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis, CO2 utilization, H2O utilization and chlorophyll were found to be maximum. The impact of water stress on plumbagin content has shown increase trend with respect to different water stress levels that is maximum at 80 % and minimum at control.
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Статья научная
High light intensity may induce severe photodamage to chloroplast and consequently cause decreases in the yield capacity of plants and destruction of pigments, causing an overall yellowing of the foliage. Thus, study related to light adaptation becomes necessary to understand adaptation processes in higher plants on the basis of which they are characterized as full sunlight or shade plants. Chlorophyll can be regarded as an intrinsic fluorescent probe of the photosynthetic system. The ecophysiological parameter related to plant performance and fitness i.e. in-situ chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were determined for different plant species in the medicinal plant garden of Banasthali University, Rajasthan. Miniaturized Pulse Amplitude Modulated Photosynthetic Yield Analyzers are primarily designed for measuring effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm') of photosystem II under momentary ambient light in the field. Photosynthetic yield measurements and light-response curves suggested a gradation of sun-adapted to shade-adapted behaviour of these plants in following order Withania somnifera> Catharanthus roseus> Datura stamonium> Vasica minora> Vasica adulta> Rauwolfia serpentina. As indicated by light response curves and pigment analysis, Datura stramonium, Withania somnifera and Catharanthus roseus competed well photosynthetically and are favoured while Rauwolfia serpentina, Vasica minora, Vasica adulta and Plumbago zeylanica were observed to be less competent photosynthetically. These light response curves and resultant cardinal points study gave insight into the ecophysiological characterization of the photosynthetic capacity of the plant and provides highly interesting parameters like electron transport rate, photo-inhibition, photosynthetically active photon flux density and yield on the basis of which light adaptability was screened for seven medicinally important plants.
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Differential responses of two lactuca sativa varieties to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency
Статья научная
Iron chlorosis induced by bicarbonate is very common in calcareous soils, where bicarbonate (HCO 3-) ions are present at high concentrations. In this study, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of two Lactuca sativa varieties (Romaine and Vista) to bicarbonate-induced iron deficiency were investigated. The culture was conducted on nutrient solution containing 5 µM Fe and 10 mM NaHCO 3, in a growth chamber with controlled conditions. After 14 days of bicarbonate treatment, the two varieties seedling showed a slight yellowing of young leaves associated with a significant decline of plant biomass, leaf number and area. Furthermore, the concentrations of the nutrient elements (potassium, magnesium, iron and calcium) in leaves and roots of two lettuce varieties were modified. In roots of bicarbonate-treated plants, the Fe-chelate reductase activity was increased as compared to control in both varieties. PEPC activity was enhanced only in Vista variety. Moreover, Fe deficiency induced a small change in the photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence, especially in Romaine variety. These changes are accompanied by decreases in ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity. These findings indicated that vista variety could survive at low iron supply.
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Distal radial artery dimensions in different body constitutions (prakriti)- an observational study
Статья научная
Background: The fundamental principle of ayurveda is the tridosha theory ( three doshas) . These dosha are the causative and governing bio-energies responsible for the formation of body constitution. The vata dosha dominant personality have classical features like a small body frame when compared to kapha with large body built and broad anatomical structures. Pittaja body constitution has medium body built with reddish colouration and sharp features. Aim: This study aimed to correlate the radial artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and luminal diameter (LD) and further study its association with different body constitution ( prakriti ) and check the difference between the groups of prakriti . Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was done between May 2021 and June 2021 in the Department of Radiology, KLE Prabhakar Kore Charitable Hospital, Belagavi. Non-randomly selected volunteers ≥23 ±5years (n = 35) were divided into body constitution ( prakriti ) groups and evaluated for the IMT, LD (luminal diameter) of the radial artery using B-mode ultrasonography. Pearson’s co-relation was used to test the co-relation between the luminal diameter and intimae media thickness of distal radial artery. Chi-square test of independence was used to check the association between luminal diameter and intimae media thickness of distal radial artery with body constitution. One-way ANOVA was used to study the difference between the groups of prakriti . Results: The mean luminal diameter (LD) in vataja body constitution (5%) was 1.450 ± 0.495 mm, pittaja body constitution (11%) was 1.750±0.10 mm, kaphaja constitution (11%) was 1.70± 0.30 mm, vatapittaja body constitution (11%) was 4.15±0.47 mm, vatakaphaja body constitution (26%) was 1.64±0.83 mm, pittakaphaja constitution (23%) as 2.3±0.15 mm and samadhatuja constitution (11%) had 1.8±0.189 mm. The mean intima media thickness (IMT) in vataja body constitution (5%) was 0.05± 0 mm, pittaja body constitution (11%) was 0.03±0 mm, kaphaja constitution (11%) was 0.05± 0.014 mm, vatapittaja body constitution (11%) was 0.107±0.09 mm, vatakaphaja body constitution (26%) was 0.83±0.07 mm, pittakaphaja constitution (23%) was 0.313±0.006 mm and samadhatuja constitution (11%) had 0.350 ± 0.012 mm. As per the analysis a low positive Pearson’s correlation was found between IMT and LD (r = 0.254) between the luminal diameter (LD) and intima medial thickness (IMT) of distal radial artery. Chi square test of independence has shown significant association between DRA dimensions (IMT, LD) and body constitution ( prakriti) , palpatory blood vessel consistency. Among the observed values the v atakaphaja body constitution (0.83±0.07 mm) had increased intima media thickness (IMT). Among all the observed values the vatapittaja body constitution had broadest DRA luminal diameter (LD) of 4.15±0.47mm. One way ANOVA showed no significant difference between the groups of prakiti and IMT, LD of distal radial artery. Conclusion: As per the observations of the present study different body constitution (prakriti ) did not show any significant impact on distal radial artery dimensions (IMT and LD) as there are various factors like hormones, neural, blood volume regulators involved in vascular constriction and dilation. The prakriti assessment is a strong marker for prediction and the early diagnosis of diseases. This body constitution ( prakriti ) of an individual is the basic constituent on which the pulse wave variability of distal radial artery (DRA) acts.
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In nutrient culture experiments, bioaccumulation and anatomical effects of cadmium (CdCl2 - 20μM) and chromium (K2Cr2O7 - 600 μM) on the structure of root and stem was studied by histochemical and analytical methods in Vigna radiata and Vigna unguiculata. Each metal exerted specific influences on the anatomy of various tissues in root and stem. Histochemical localisation of cadmium and chromium was observed in the stained sections of root and stem. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric study revealed maximum accumulation of cadmium and chromium in the root tissue as compared to shoot with significant variation among the species. Abundant occurrences of densely stained deposits of chromium were seen in the root stelar region of V. unguiculata and to a lesser extend in V. radiata. Cadmium accumulation in V. radiata was comparatively more than that of V. unguiculata. The findings also revealed that the accumulation pattern of cadmium and chromium varies between species and hence is species specific.
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