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Comparative phytochemical evaluation of the aerial parts of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser
Статья научная
Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser is an important traditionally using medicinal plant. Almost all parts of plants are used for medicinal purposes against numerous diseases. In this present study, presence of secondary metabolites was compared between bark, leaves, ripe and unripe fruits of plant using preliminary phytochemical screening using standard methods in solvents having different degree of polarity- acetone, benzene, methanol, petroleum ether and water. Comparative study indicated that polar solvents were superior in extracting secondary metabolites as compared to non- polar. This present study also suggested leaves were high on secondary metabolites followed by ripe fruits and bark whereas unripe fruits found to be on lower level on major classes of secondary metabolites.
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In dry areas, plant productivity is limited by the scarcity of water. This research aims to evaluate the suitability of certain legume plants in the dry laterite soil of Purulia and nearby districts in West Bengal, India. Seedlings, 25 days old, Adenanthera pavonina L., Albizia procera (Roxb.), Pongamia pinnata (L.), and Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne from the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family were subjected to PEG-induced water stress (-0.5 and -1.0 MPa) to measure their relative water content and the levels of chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugars, and proline in their leaves, as well as the activities of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In all species, chlorophyll and protein levels in the leaves decreased with higher PEG-induced water stress, while soluble sugar and proline levels increased. The activity of the enzyme catalase, peroxidase, and SOD also decreased with increased water stress, with the smallest decline observed in P. pterocarpum. This suggests that P. pterocarpum is potentially the most water stress-tolerant among the studied plants.
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Статья научная
The Plectranthus amboinicus is known for its medicinal properties. The extracts from this plant material are used to treat different diseases which include cold, respiratory disorders, digestive problems, skin infections, cough, chronic asthma, bronchitis, hiccups, etc. The present study aimed to compare and evaluate the antioxidant property of two aerial parts of the plant, the stem and the leaf extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus . The different type of extracts was prepared with fresh leaves, fresh stem and dried leaves, with methanol as the solvent for extraction. The antioxidant potential of each extract was checked and the result obtained showed the fresh stem extract had the highest antioxidant activity. The study result shows that the methanolic extracts of dried leaves have Tannins, flavonoids, phenol and reducing sugars. The methanolic extract of fresh leaves and fresh stem extracts showed the presence of Tannins, flavonoids, quinone, steroids, phenols and reducing sugars. The phenolic content of the methanolic extract of the stem is high compared to fresh and dried leaves. The anti-oxidant potentials were assayed through the FRAP, FTC and TBA assays, the results showed that the free radical scavenging property of the methanolic extract of the stem is high compared to the fresh and dried leaves. The methanolic stem extract has high phenolic content and also shows high free radical scavenging properties than the methanolic extract of fresh and dried leaves.
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Статья научная
The development of drought tolerant genotypes for peanuts has now become a priority due to the growing number of drought-prone areas. The effects of drought stress on nitrogen metabolism was studied in leaves of two groundnut cultivars with differential sensitivity to drought stress, K-134 (drought tolerant) and JL-24 (drought sensitive) subjected to different regimes of water stress conditions for a duration of 12 days. The total protein content in leaves of both cultivars declined with progressive accumulation of free amino acid levels. Concurrently, the protease activity in the tissues was also increased. Ammonia content was increased in both cultivars and comparatively higher ammonia levels were recorded for cv. JL-24. A gradual increase in the activities of key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism such as glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH and NADPH-GDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) was observed in both cultivars subjected to water stress. The increase in enzyme activities was more pronounced in the drought tolerant than in the drought sensitive cultivar. Contrarily, the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were decreased in the stressed plants. The extent of decrease was more in cv. K134 than cv. JL-24. The results indicate that drought tolerance of cultivar K-134 may be attributed at least in part to the ability to shift the metabolic rate leading to a greater accumulation of amino acids coupled with lower levels of ammonia and largely by reassimilation as evidenced by relatively greater activities of GS and GOGAT in the tissue. The physiological importance of enzyme alterations under water stress was investigated in relation to plant metabolism.
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The thermogenic mechanisms were measured in the two small rodents, Eothenomys milletus and Apodemus chevrieri in Hengduan mountain region during cold exposure. The main results were as follows: 1. RMR and NST incredsed 68.34%, 36.34% during the cold exposure in E.miletus, RMR and NST incredsed 32.84%, 56.17% during the cold exposure in A. chevrieri, respectively. 2. During cold exposure, total protein content in liver, the total protein content(TP) and mitochodrnal protein content(MP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the content of uncoupling protein (UCP1) were increased in E.miletus, which increased 18.66%, 25.18%, 70.01%, 99.39%, respectively. Total protein content in liver, the total protein content(TP) and mitochodrnal protein content(MP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT), the content of uncoupling protein (UCP1) were increased in A. chevrieri, which increased 18.11%, 33.29%, 34.51%,235.95%, respectively. All of the results indicated that the mechanism of heat production for adaptative changes was similar in two rodents, but it showed different increased amplitude of heat production, it may considered that the difference of heat production was related to origin of species and inhabitats.
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A chemical anthropogenic factor slows plant growth and causes oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to compare catalase and RNase activities in Glycine max and Glycine soja exposed to CuSO₄ and ZnSO₄ at MPC and DMPC concentrations over a period of 24-168 hours. Glycine soja was shown to possess a higher adaptive potential. Species-specific multiple enzyme forms were identified: K1 in Glycine soja and P12 in Glycine max. The tolerance limits of Glycine soja were noted at 24, 72, and 120 hours; in Glycine max, they varied depending on the toxicant and dose. Catalase and RNase activities can be used as complementary biomarkers of soybean adaptation to heavy metal toxicity.
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Comparison of nonshivering thermogenesis induced by norepinephrine stress in tree shrews
Статья научная
Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)is an important thermogenic mechanism for small mammals. Quantitative measurement of NST is usually stimulated by injection of norepinephrine. The injection dosage of norepinephrine (NE)is critical for eliciting the maximum NST. Three empirical equations of NE dosages were often referenced in previous studies: (1)NE (mg / kg)= 2.53W -0.4; (2)NE(mg/kg) = 3.3W -0.458 and (3)NE(mg/kg)= 6.6W -0.458. In the present study, we used tree shrews ( Tupaia belangeri ) as experiment subjects to test the effects of the three dosages of NE on NST. Results showed that all the three dosages of NE could induce the maximum NST for T. belangeri. No significant differences were found in NST among groups and the NST was respectively 2.63±0.12 (formula 1), 2.66±0. 11 (formula 2) and 2.78±0.15 (formula 3). However, when injected with NE dosage from formula 3, the increase of body temperatures was significantly higher than the other two NE dosages (increased 1.5±0. 1 oC (formula 3), 0.8±0. 2 oC (formula 2), and 0.6±0. 1 oC (formula 1), respectively). In order to prevent the death because of hyperthermia, formula 1 or 2 is recommended to be used.
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Статья научная
Salt stress is an important environmental stress that produces reactive oxygen species in plants and causes oxidative injuries. In this investigation, salt stress reduced the shoot and root length, while increased the content of malondealdehyde, Hydrogen peroxide, and the activity of Ascorbate peroxidase andguaiacol peroxidase. Pretreatment of chamomile plants under salt stress with sodium nitroprussideand Spermidin caused enhancement of growth parameters and reduction of malondealdehyde and Hydrogen peroxide content. Pretreatment of plants with sodium nitroprusside remarkably increased Ascorbate peroxidase activity, while Spermidin pre-treatment significantly increased guaiacol peroxidase activity. Application of sodium nitroprusside or Spermidin with Methylene blue which is known to block cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway, reduced the protective effects of sodium nitroprussideand Spermidin in plants under salinity condition. The result of this study indicated that Methylene blue could partially and entirely abolish the protective effect of Nitric oxide on some physiological parameter. Methylene blue also has could reduce the alleviation effect of Spermidin on some of parameters in chamomile plant under salt stress, so with comparing the results of this study it seems that Spermidin probably acts through Nitric oxide pathway, but the use of2-4- carboxyphenyl- 4,4,5,5- tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide is better to prove.
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This paper describes selected chemical, physical and analytical composition of fresh chicken egg (FCE), whole egg powder (WEP), and irradiated whole egg powder (IWEP). WEP samples were irradiating at 0, 5, 10 and 15 kGy using gamma irradiator. Analysis determined the approximate compositions, chemical and physical properties including the percentage of moisture, crud fat, crude protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, and ash, total acidity, pH value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), viscosity and color changes in FCE, WEP and IWEP. The results indicate that the FEP and WEP could be a fine resource of nutrients for consumers to select. In general, no considered differences observed in proximate components of WEP and IWEP. The results shows some differences in the analyzed chemical and physical parameters between WEP and IWEP. However, the tested physical and chemical parameters were all well within the acceptable limits for samples of FCE, WEP and IWEP.
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Compositions and microbial properties of gamma irradiated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) kernel
Статья научная
Background: Gamma radiation is used to disinfestations and decontamination of dried food. Methods: The current study evaluates the outcome of gamma irradiation doses (0, 6 and 9 kGy) on chemical compositions and microbial load of apricot kernel during storage at ambient temperature. Results: Results indicated that apricot kernels were rich in oil (40.27%), protein (21.78%) and essential minerals (2.87% ash). Crude protein & fat and reduced sugars were not significantly affected by different gamma irradiation doses. In contrast, a statistically significant difference for moisture ash and total sugar was reported in comparison with the irradiated ones. Doses of the used gamma irradiation reduced the mean total viable count (TVC), mould and yeast count (MYC) and the total coliform counts (TC) in apricot kernel below the detection limit, and it remained undetectably low in irradiated samples during all months of storage. Conclusion: Gamma irradiation treatment may be a useful way for maintaining apricot kernel quality and can be used as a preservation method.
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Aim. The concentration of total protein in the hemolymph of the Australian red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, Von Martens 1868, contained in artificial conditions in closed water supply installations and an aquarium complex, was studied. Methodology. The object of the study was the Australian red-clawed crayfish, a total of 161 individuals were used in the experiment. Crayfish were kept in closed water supply installations. To study the protein concentration depending on the time of year, samples were taken and analyzed in the period 2021-2023: January - winter; April - spring; August - summer; September, October and November - autumn. To conduct an experiment to study the total protein content of cancer hemolymph, depending on the water temperature, three experimental groups of 15 cancers were formed in each. The experimental groups were seated in three aquariums, with a water temperature of 20, 25, 30 ° C. The duration of the crayfish exposure was 10 days. On the tenth day, hemolymph was collected. The total hemolymph protein was determined by the refractometric method.
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Study evaluated for two seasons (July 2018 and August 2019), the relationship between fish biometry, fish haematology, serum biochemistry and the environmental conditions in 243 apparently healthy adult African Carp fish (Labeo cubie) sampled from three locations along the Benue River and its adjoining wetlands. Fish length, weight and condition factor differed significantly (p 0.05) between seasons with fish sampled in the raining season being significantly (p 0.05) heavier ( 470 g). The erythrocytes counts, leucocytes count and packed cell volume varied significantly (p 0.05) with sapling sites and season. Serum glucose concentration, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly (p 0.05) higher in the dry season. Total protein, albumin and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the raining season. Water temperature, turbidity and electrical conductivity were significantly higher in the dry season and varied significantly between seasons and sampling sites. This is the first study to document the biometry, haematology and serum biochemistry and the physico-chemical parameters of water needed for the culture and management/conservation of L. cubie. This data set could serve, as benchmark for future investigation of the zootechnical requirements for the culture and or management of feral populations of Labeo cubie.
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Статья научная
Copper sulphate is commonly used as a disease control measure in aquaculture; however, its continuous discharge within freshwater ecosystems represents a critical hazard to ecological diversity. This review combines information from over forty research papers on teleost fish species to create a holistic perspective on the multisystem toxicological effects caused by copper sulphate exposure. The effects presented include ion regulation and respiration within gills, growth and immune systems changes, and hematological changes that represent valid biomarkers for imbalances caused by copper sulphate exposure due to their reliability and sensitivity to ion changes within organisms. Biochemical changes like oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants, metabolic impairments, and genotoxic changes such as DNA damage represent critical mechanisms for understanding the toxicological effects caused by copper sulphate exposure within teleost fish species.
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Статья научная
A positive impact transovarial supply iodine-containing preparation on the physiological and biochemical profile and the quality of day-old chickens egg crossing «Shaver 2000», derived from eggs incubated at high humidity. Effect of the preparation resulted in stimulation of the synthesis of thyroid hormones which determined the more effective implementation of their antioxidant properties as evidenced by a decrease in the intensity of lipid peroxidation. Optimization of physiological and biochemical profile in day-old chicks hatching resulted in an increase in the 8.40% compared with the control. It is also detected synchronization mass withdrawal of young chickens at processing iodine-containing preparation.
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Correlation of serum IgE with stress in Indian dromedaries affected with skin wounds
Статья научная
The present investigation was planned to explore stress induced changes in the levels of IgE by correlating them with the important parameters of stress like cortisol and free radical scavengers in the serum of Indian dromedaries. The mean values of serum IgE and cortisol were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in wound affected dromedaries than the respective healthy values. A positive significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation was observed between the values of serum IgE and cortisol. The mean values of serum vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione decreased whereas of serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, monoamine oxidase, glutathione reductase, xanthine oxidase, oxidase and peroxidase increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from their respective healthy mean values. A negative significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation was observed between the values of serum IgE and vitamin C; serum IgE and vitamin E and serum IgE and glutathione activities. A positive significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation was observed between the values of serum IgE and catalase; serum IgE and superoxide dismutase; serum IgE and monoamine oxidase; serum IgE and glutathione reductase; serum IgE and xanthine oxidase; serum IgE and oxidase; and serum IgE and peroxidase activities. It was concluded that stress was able to induce marked changes in the levels of IgE in the Indian dromedaries. Wounds altered the immune status as well as levels of cortisol and free radical scavengers in the serum.
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The article describes the effect of soil salinization on the level of correlations between quantitative indicators of photosynthetic pigments in vetch varieties. The objects of the study were the varieties of wiki Mirzachul-1 ( Vicia villosa Roth) and Mirzachul-3 ( Vicia angustifolia . L.). It was found that in highly saline soils, compared with weak ones, the amount of chlorophyll Chl «a» in the Mirzachul-1 variety decreased by 308 mg/g, the amount of chlorophyll Chl «b» and carotenoids (Car) increased by 0.11214 and 0.1300 mg/g.There was a strong positive correlation between Chl «a» and Chl «b» in all variants of the study. The similarity of correlation matrices is studied. At the same time, the similarity of correlation matrices between weakly and strongly saline soils was noted in the Mirzachul-1 variety by more than 90%, in the Mirzachul-3 variety by 69.1%. This indicates that the Mirzachul-1 varieties are stable in terms of the level of correlations according to the studied characteristics, which indicates a tendency to soil salinization.
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Critical Growth Stage of Weed Removal in Cowpea under Water Stress
Статья научная
This study aimed at investigating the critical growth stage of weed removal in cowpea in order to prevent unacceptable yield loss during water deficit. The study was carried out under a screenhouse to minimize extraneous factors such as pests and rodents using a complete randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Seeds of cowpea and early germinating seedlings of Tridax procumbens and Chromolaena odorata were used for this study and were stressed for five days. Samplings were carried out at vegetative, flowering and fruiting stage. Growth indices such as relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio and tissue water of contents of cowpea were determined from plant biomass. The photosynthetic pigments were determined spectrophotometrically at different stages of growth. Weed interference index such as relative crowding coefficient and land equivalents ratio were also determined from the plant biomass. The results indicated that the growth indices of cowpea interfered by Chromolaena odorata and Tridax procumbens were greatly reduced at flowering stage compared with the growth indices at vegetative and fruiting stage. Photosynthetic pigments such as chlororphyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll of cowpea as interfered by Chromolaena odorata and Tridax procumbens were also lowest at flowering stage. Interference index of cowpea were lowest at flowering stage as to the vegetative and fruiting stage of cowpea. There was significant difference in the growth indices, photosynthetic pigments accumulation and interference index of at the different growth stages of cowpea at p≤0.05. From the results obtained, flowering stage is the most critical period of growth stage to remove weed in cowpea under water stress in order to prevent an unacceptable yield loss.
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Crude oil-polluted soil induces ultrastructural and enzyme activity changes in the shoot of lentil
Статья научная
Plants are always under threat due to various biotic and abiotic stresses. They respond to such threats by an efficient antioxidative enzyme system such as catalase. The presence of petroleum in soil is a stressful environmental factor for plants. In this study, cellular and biochemical changes were investigated in the shoot of lentil grown in the crude oil-polluted soil. Transmission electron microscope micrographs showed various injuries in the level of subcellular content including nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria. In the treated samples, catalase activity and its kinetics factors (Vmax and Km) were different from the control. In the treated, Km of the enzyme was lower than that of the control. Temperature and pH profiles of the enzyme were different in the control and treated samples. Catalase purification in both treated and control samples showed that two catalase isoforms were expressed in the treated sample in comparison to the control, in which only one type of catalase was detected.
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Cu and Zn tolerance and responses of the biochemical and physiochemical system of wheat
Статья научная
The concentrations of heavy metals such as Zinc and copper in the environment are currently increasing, due mainly to human activities. Zinc and copper are essential elements for several biochemical processes in plants. Any of these metals, at high concentrations in soil, can cause severe damage to physiological and biochemical activities of plants. Plant growth, pigment concentration, biochemical parameters, uptake of heavy metals were investigated in 30-days old wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in response to Cu and Zn stress. The plant exhibited a decline in growth, chlorophyll content, protein and DNA, RNA content carbohydrate, but proline, total phenol and H2O2 content increased at high concentration of Cu and Zn.
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