Статьи журнала - Овощи России
Все статьи: 1394
QTL анализ и управление продуктивностью растений в системе точного земледелия
Статья научная
Современные технологии возделывания сельскохозяйственных культур достигли пределов «насыщения» как в экологическом (загрязнение природной среды, подавление механизмов ее саморегулирования), энергетическом (экспоненциальный рост затрат невосполнимой энергии на каждую дополнительную единицу продукции), так и в продукционном. В этой связи все большее значение в обеспечении устойчивого роста урожайности возделываемых форм растений приобретают факторы внешней среды (воздушная засуха, морозы, активные температуры и т.д.), оптимизировать которые невозможно. В последние десятилетия все больше внимания уделяется техногенным и биологическим системам земледелия, основанным экологизации и биологизации интенси-фикационных процессов адаптивного растениеводства. Такими подходами является система точного земледелия (ТЗ) и QTL анализ. Использование этих подходов позволяет не только обеспечить устойчивый рост урожайности за счет совокупного использования преимуществ точного земледелия и молекулярно-генетической оценки, включая создание новых форм и сортов отзывчивых на агроприемы ТЗ, но и нивелировать отрицательное влияние абиотических и биотических факторов среды, лимитирующих величину и качество урожая, а также продуктивность растений. Показано, что стратегия адаптивной интенсификации растениеводства за счет использования системы ТЗ и подходов QTL анализа не является альтернативной по отношению к существующим системам земледелия, однако она ориентирует современное сельское хозяйство на рост наукоемкости сельскохозяйственного производства в целом. Анализ рассматриваемых причин существующих на сегодня неблагоприятных тенденций в современном растениеводстве и земледелии, со всей очевидностью показывает их масштабность и долговременный характер, а следовательно, и неизбежность поиска новых приоритетов интенсификации растениеводства и земледелия, обеспечивающих качественно новый этап их развития в интересах человека.
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QTL анализ морфологических признаков качества у brassica rapa l
Статья научная
С использованием линий двойных гаплоидов двух картирующих популяций Brassica rapa L. проведено морфо-биологическое изучение и картирование QTL (quantitative trait loci), определяющих проявление ряда морфологических признаков качества в условиях теплицы. Идентифицированы и локализованы на группах сцепления QTL таких признаков качества, как длина, ширина, окраска, опушенность, характер поверхности листовой пластинки, а также длина и ширина черешка, обуславливающих питательную ценность данного вида растений. Выявлены молекулярные маркеры, генетически сцепленные с картированными QTL, и установлен процент фенотипической изменчивости, определяемый идентифицированными локусами хромосом.
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Regenerative ability and micropropagation of Petunia hybrida in vitro
Статья научная
Scientific relevance. The garden petunia, Petunia hybrida, is a popular and wide spread ornamental crop from the family Solanaceae. It is a promising model plant for molecular and genetic research. In vitro micropropagation plays an important role in the distribution of the garden petunia because the survivability and quality of seed material decreases significantly in every subsequent generation. Besides, micropropagation reduces the cost of production substantially. Considering that very few researchers addressed this question in the Russian Federation, this direction of research is still worthy of attention. Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted by the Laboratory of Breeding and Genetic Research on Field Crops at FSBSI “Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki”. Seeds of Petunia hybrida (double-flowered) were used as primary explants. Liquid bleacher ACE diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9 was used as a sterilizing agent (the working solution contained 0.50% NaOCl). The total time of exposure was 15 minutes. The primary explants were subcultured onto a hormone-free Murashige and Skoog basal medium containing 20 g/L sucrose and 6 g/L agar. Isolated in vitro objects were cultured in test tubes with cotton-gauze plugs at an illuminance of 4000 lx, a temperature of 22-25 °C, and a 16h photoperiod in a culture room. The duration of one passage was 60 days. Micropropagation was carried out using 710 mm cuttings with one or two nodes. The pot culture of the regenerants was established under controlled conditions in a light room (photoperiod was 16 hours, temperature was 23°С). Results. The optimal method for introducing Petunia hybrida into cell culture is the use of seeds treated with the solution of bleacher ACE that was diluted with distilled water in the proportion 1:9. The optimal time of exposure is 15 minutes. Petunia hybrida demonstrated a high regeneration rate on the hormone-free MS medium - it had a fast growth and development rate, and good rhizogenesis; the reproductive rate was 8.77. For the micropropagation of the garden petunia, it is advisable to use cuttings of test tube plants, which should be placed onto a hormone-free MS medium. The test tube plants of Petunia hybrida acclimatized successfully on a soil substrate. This shows the high plasticity of the culture.
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Review on drivers of deforestation and associated socio-economic and ecological impacts
Статья научная
Relevance. Forests play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and providing habitats, oxygen, and carbon sinks. However, deforestation resulting from mining, logging, infrastructure development, climate change, and agriculture is leading to their depletion. This paper aims to investigate the underlying factors driving deforestation and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Results and Discussion. Deforestation has resulted in the loss of 10 million hectares of global forest cover annually, with direct drivers including fires, logging, and converting forests to agricultural land. Indirect drivers encompass political elections, military conflicts, population density, and corruption. Economic growth, road expansion, and politics have exacerbated the pressure on forests, resulting in biodiversity loss. Deforestation is predicted to continue at a rate of 10 million hectares annually until 2025. To mitigate this issue, measures such as reducing emissions from deforestation, promoting sustainable forest management, and enhancing protected area management can be implemented. Furthermore, legal action should be pursued to address the issue of deforestation.
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Статья научная
Relevance. Applying exogenous auxins to the cuttings of grapevines is a common practice in viticulture to improve the rooting process. The potassium salt formulations of auxins have been documented to be more, less, or equally efficient as acid formulations in rooting stimulation of cuttings depending on the genetic features of the plant, type and concentration of auxin, type of cuttings, and many other factors. Methods. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of potassium salt of indolyl-3-acetic acid (KIAA) on rooting of the hardwood cuttings of two grape cultivars namely, Korinka russkaya and Victoria, which are commonly planted by grape growers of the Tatarstan Republic. The study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 under hydroponic conditions in a controlled-environment growth chamber in Kazan State Agrarian University. The cuttings were treated with 1) KIAA at two concentrations (5,000 and 10,000) ppm; 2) β-indolyl-butyric acid (IBA) 3,000 ppm (as a check treatment) and 3) distilled water as a control...
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Rooting technique of double haploids obtained in culture of microspore in vitro for European radish
Статья научная
Relevance. Doubled haploids (DH-plants) are excellent material for genetic research and breeding due to their complete homozygosity. The genus Raphanus from the Brassicaceae family is the toughest to produce doubled haploid plants through isolated microspore culture in vitro (IMC). The study of the causes of disturbed root formation and the development of elements of this stage of technology will significantly increase the effectiveness of the IMC technology for European radish. Methods. The study included three varieties from the collection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC): Teplichny Gribovsky, Rozovo-krasniy s belim konchikom and Rhodes. The experiments used a standard protocol for obtaining DH plants using IMC technology in a standard form and with a modification of the rooting stage. The solid MS medium (with agar 7g/L): MS without hormones, MS medium supplemented with IAA at concentrations of 0.5; 1 and 2 mg / L and liquid MSm medium supplemented with 0.1 mg / L kinetin were used for rooting of regenerated plants. All media were supplemented with 20 g/L sucrose. We used three types of techniques for transplanting plant explants onto a solid hormone-free MS medium: planting micro-shoots with their basal part immersed by 2-3 mm into the medium; planting in a well made in a nutrient medium using tweezers under sterile conditions; and landing on the surface of the medium without embedment. Results. In this work, we studied the features of the stage of rooting of regenerated European radish plants in vitro conditions. The transplant technique has been proven to be important for the successful establishment of radish micro-shoots. Plant explants must be planted strictly on the surface of a solid hormone-free nutrient medium MS, without embedment. The use of tubes with bridges made of filter paper and MSm liquid medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/L kinetin for the induction of root formation also showed high efficiency. For plants prone to the formation of root-like structures (RLS) with secondary tumors (ST), multiple dissection of abnormal formations with successive transplants s necessary. Modification at the rooting stage of micro-shoots growing has increased the percentage of successfully adapted DH plants in vivo conditions from 0-14% to 95-98%.
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Study of saving and investment pattern on sample farms households
Статья научная
The saving and investment pattern of different forms sample group was studied during 2014-16 and it was observed that large farm holders were able to save higher income than small farmers while lowest income group had negative savings. In respect of investment on different fixed assets, irrigation was on first priority, followed by purchase of milch animals, farms buildings and investment in land and its improvement. Investment on working capital amongst different cash inputs, hired human labourer accounted highest share (29.44 per cent), followed by manure & fertilizers (22.33 per cent), hired power tractor (16.96 per cent), irrigation (13.61 per cent) and seeds (13.50 per cent) to total cash inputs. Marginal farmers could not invest for nonfarm physical capital because of no savings with them. Small and large farmers groups invested in all the items in which it was highest in working capital (61.28 to 61.84 per cent), followed by investment in fixed capital (14.41 to 16.84 per cent), financial capital (12-14 per cent) and non-farm capital (7-12 per cent). The highest investment was made on working capital (69.02 per cent) by sample farmers. Current income was found to be the main source of finance in all income groups which accounted for 49.70 to 94.79 per cent share of the total investment followed by savings which shared for 40.10 to 49.12 per cent in total investment.
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Study on quantitative characters of organic seeds in garden pea
Статья
The experiment was conducted in the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv during the period 2008-2009. Four garden pea varieties were grown in the conditions of organic and conventional production. The purpose of the experiment was to study the quantitative characters of seeds obtained in organic production. It was established that the organic garden pea seeds differ with lower absolute weight compared to the seeds obtained in conventional system but they kept high germination (89,5-96,5) close to the control variant. The late variety Vyatovo grown with organic fertilizers and biopesticides are with the lowest percentage of injuries by Bruchus pisi l.
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Статья научная
Relevance. Tomato pink-fruit cultivars and hybrids are of interest for fresh consumption. The biochemical parameters are influenced by the varietal factor and by the growing conditions. It is known that mature tomatoes record low storability. The softening of the fruit is caused by ethylene produced in the ripening fruit. Then pectinase enzymes are synthesized in the fruit tissues, under the action of which the cell walls of the fruit soften. Breeders are creating tomato cultivars whose fruits could be stored for a long time without losing their tasty. The aim of the investigation was to study the biochemical parameters of pink-colored tomato fruits under different ripening conditions.
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The effect of grafting on vegetative and reproductive traits of tomato
Статья научная
Relevance. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important vegetables in the world. Every year the number of identified viruses and diseases increases, infection with which causes significant crop losses and significantly worsens the quality of agricultural products, especially in tomatoes. Material and methods. In the present study we compared the growth of the vegetative and reproductive traits of tomato plants ‘Dokia’, ‘TY Red 250’ and ‘Pilabi’ grated onto bacterial wilt (caused by Ralstonia solanacearum) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) diseases tolerant rootstock “Spider” (Takii seed, Japan). The non-grafted (control - CT) and grafted tomato plants (GR) were transplanted on 4 March of 2021 to the four season (vinyl) greenhouse on substrate perlite (mixture of perlite no.1 and no.3) and cultivated until September 20.
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Статья научная
To study the remobilization rate affected by growth regulators in wheat a field experiment was carried out in the south of Iran over 2017-2019 with a split-split plot design and three iterations in completely randomized blocks. The main plots were two irrigation regimes (full irrigation and irrigation interruption at the grain-filling stage), two wheat cultivars (Chamran 2 and Durum Karkheh cv.s) were as sub plots, and four growth regulators (control (no growth regulator), salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin) placed in sub-sub plots. Results revealed the significant impact of the triple interaction on grain yield. The highest grain yield (4803 kg/Ha) was observed for Chamran 2 cv. treated with complete irrigation and salicylic acid. Although grain yield declined by 15.5% in the Karkheh cv. with irrigation interruption at the grain-filling stage and non-administration of growth regulators, treatment with salicylic acid managed to attenuate the adverse impact of drought stress in grain yield. The highest current photosynthesis and its contribution were observed in cultivars treated with complete irrigation. Moreover, irrigation regimen and growth regulators each had significant impacts on proline, catalase enzyme, and stomatal conductance. Overall, results suggested that using salicylic acid in Chamran 2 cv. would be advisable to increase growth and grain yield and reduce decline under stress.
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Статья научная
The research aims to determine the response of the Maize crop to irrigation with salt water during the growth stages, and to study the accumulation of salts in the soil, the degree of their interaction, and the efficiency of water use. Three types of irrigation water with salt concentrations (1.5, 4.5, 6.5) dSm-1 with three replicates for every kind water. The Randomized Complete Blocks Design was used in the experiment, and it was statistically analyzed using SPSS. Statistically significant differences were found at the 5% level according to Duncan's method. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences attributed to the salinity of irrigation water at the level of 4.5 dsm-1 (T2), which caused about 50% damage in plant height, root growth, leaf area per cob length, weight of 500 seeds, grain yield, and soil. Compared to salinity if irrigated with 1.5 dsm-1 (T1) salinity of river water. Using water with a salinity of 6.5 dsm-1 (T3) as wastewater resulted in a reduction of all apparent plant characteristics by 75%. An increase in soil salinity was also observed at the end of the experiment compared to its salinity at the beginning of the experiment, and this damage increases with an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigation operations. It has been observed that soil PH decreases with increasing soil salinity.
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The role of agroforestry in ecosystem services and mitigation of climate change
Статья обзорная
Relevance. Agroforestry systems are believed to provide a multitude of ecological services. It is thought that agroforestry enhances resilience to the impacts of climate change and aids in adaptation by supporting diverse land use practices, sustainable lifestyles, and income streams, as well as increasing productivity in both forests and agriculture, and reducing weather-related losses in production. Results and Discussion. The aim of this review was to present genuine evidence on the role of agroforestry in ecosystem conservation and mitigation of climate change impacts. Compared to monocropping and open cereal-based agriculture, agroforestry has made a more significant contribution to ecosystem conservation and in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, it has been found that agroforestry contributes less to carbon sequestration than natural forests. Carbon sequestration through above-ground and underground biomass, carbon emission reduction from deforestation, and microclimate adjustment are key measures for mitigating climate change. Agroforestry systems provide essential ecosystem services, such as food, fuel wood, fodder, income, and improved soil production, which enable communities to cope better with the impacts of climate change. Therefore, agroforestry must be given significant attention if it is to play a crucial role in ecosystem management.
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Using plant extracts for the micropropagation of buckwheat
Статья научная
Background. Various plant hormones are used (cytokinins, auxins) to increase the regeneration efficiency and the net reproduction rate of buckwheat in vitro. However, the growth and development rates of plantlets have been noted to be low under these conditions. For this reason, search for the plant extracts that are able to stimulate the regenerative ability of plants is a promising direction of biotechnological research. Materials and methods. Aseptic single-node cuttings of common buckwheat plantlets (varieties Dikul and Izumrud) were grown on MS nutrient media with plant extracts from Fagopyrum esculentum and Reynoutria japonica (0.1, 0.5, and 1%) for 21 days. The following morphobiological paramaters of the plantlets were evaluated: plant height, the number of internodes, the number of leaves, leaf length, and the number and length of roots. Results. Dealcoholized aqueous solutions of the extracts from F. esculentum and R. japonica in the studied concentrations (0.1-1%) significantly stimulated the growth and development of the buckwheat plantlets increasing their net reproduction rate (4.00-6.00) and rhizogenesis. The media with the plant extracts in concentrations of 0.1-0.5% were observed to produce the strongest positive effect. As the result, the morphobiological characteristics of the plantlets and the success rate of the micropropagation were the highest.
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Статья научная
Trial was carried out to survey the different rates of new generation post-emergence herbicide 'Verdict' in four levels involving: 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 kg ha-1 to suppress three weeds species; Chenopodium album, Poaceae sp. and Stelaria media. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design [CRD] with four treatments in four replications. Weeds growth diminished mostly for verdict 0.5 kg ha-1 and then 0.3 kg ha-1 compared to 0.2 kg ha-1 and control, results of the trial revealed that a satisfactory survival reduction of Chenopodium album, poaceae and also Stelaria media were achieved with labeled-dose of verdict as 0.5 kg ha-1 and also intermediate dose 0.3 kg ha-1. In contrast, the minimum dose 0.2 kg ha-1 had a significantly highest weeds survival about three varieties of mentioned weeds in comparison with other higher doses of herbicide.
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Yield structure in the production of certified seeds from bulgarian potato varieties
Статья научная
The experiment was performed in the Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, Plovdiv and Experimental station, Samokov during the period 2009-2011. The aim of this study was to investigate yield structure in the production of certified seeds from Bulgarian potato varieties. Three factors field experiment was set with 12 combinations with established effect of the factors - fertilization rate, planting density and term of leaf striping on the yield of the variants. The total yield in production of certified seeds from Bulgarian potato varieties varies from 2282 to 3556 kg/da. The standard yield of the seed fractions increases significantly with the increase of planting density and decrease of the duration of term of leaf striping.
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«Актуальные проблемы ботаники и экологии», международная конференция молодых учёных
Статья научная
Сотрудники ВНИИССОК приняли участие в международной конференции молодых учёных «Актуальные проблемы ботаники и экологии», посвященной проблемам в области ботаники и экологии.
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«Вавилон жив. Вавилон будет жить» (к 130-летию со дня рождения академика Н.И. Вавилова)
Статья научная
Описан вклад Н.И. Вавилова в развитие отечественной и мировой науки, включая систематику, генетику, селекцию, иммунитет и интродукцию. Приведены научные разработки ученого о распределении сортовых и видовых ресурсов на земном шаре и районах (центрах) интенсивного их формообразования. Показана значимость растительных ресурсов мира и пути их мобилизации с целью практического использования. Дальнейшее развитие идей Н.И. Вавилова - дань благодарности за богатое наследие, оставленное потомкам.
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Статья научная
В данной статье мы поднимаем проблему низкой эффективности сложных минеральных удобрений, фиксации фосфора в почве металлами и его недоступности для растений в течение сезона.
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