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![In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Vetiveria zizoniodes L. [Nash] root extracts](/file/thumb/143182816/in-vitro-evaluation-of-antidiabetic-potential-of-vetiveria-zizoniodes-l-nash.png "In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Vetiveria zizoniodes L. [Nash] root extracts")
In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Vetiveria zizoniodes L. [Nash] root extracts
Статья научная
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by inherited or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. It is widely present in all parts of the world affecting nearly 15 % of the population and considered as one of the leading cause of death in humans. In recent years alternative treatment methods are being followed by the diabetic patients in order to avoid side effects of allopathic medicines. Many plant sources are being used to treat diabetes mellitus from time immemorial but all are not validated scientifically. Hence in the present study a commonly available drug source - Vetiveria zizanioides L. (Nash) belonging to the family Poaceae has been chosen and tested for its in vitro antidiabetic potential. Aqueous and ethanolic root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides L. (Nash) were prepared and evaluated for its in vitro antidiabetic potential. Preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extracts revealed the presence of saponin, terpenoid, alkaloid, coumarin, flavanoids, lignins, glycosides and Phenol. The extracts were studied for in vitro antidiabetic activity and its effect on inhibition of glucose diffusion, glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose transport across yeast cells. From the extracts, ethanol extract exhibited potent inhibition of glucose diffusion, glycosylation of hemoglobin, glucose uptake by yeast cells, significant glucose adsorption capacity, uptake of glucose by rat hemi-diaphragm were found to be in a dose dependent manner. From the results of the study, it is inferred that, Vetiveria zizanioides L. (Nash) root ethanol extract possesses excellent antidiabetic activity compared to aqueous extract. However, these effects need to be confirmed using in vivo models and clinical trials for its effective utilization as therapeutic agent.
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Drought is one of the complex environmental factors affecting growth and yield of sorghum in arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Sixteen elite sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) genotypes were evaluated for their genetic potential to drought tolerance at callus induction and plant regeneration stage for drought tolerance. The non-ionic water soluble polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) of molecular weight 6000 was used as osmoticum to simulate water stress. The factorial experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design which comprised of a combination of two factors (genotypes and five PEG stress level; 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (w/v) treatments). Data were recorded for callus induction efficiency, callus fresh weight, embryogenic callus percentage and plant regeneration percentage. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes, treatments and their interactions for the evaluated plant traits suggesting a great amount of variability for drought tolerance in sorghum. The correlation analysis also revealed strong and significant association between embryogenic callus percent and plant regeneration percent as well as between embryogenic callus percent and plant regeneration percent. By taking into consideration all the measured traits, Mann Whitney rank sum test revealed that 76T1#23 and Teshale followed by Meko, Gambella-1107 and Melkam showed better drought stress tolerance. Therefore they are recommended to be used as parents for genetic analysis, gene mapping and improvement of drought tolerance while Chelenko, Hormat and Raya appear to be drought sensitive.
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Background: Phytochemicals are the physiologically active substances found in plants. These phytochemicals which can be found in a variety of plant parts including leaves, flowers, seeds, bark, roots, and pulps, have been employed as direct therapeutic agents. The perennial herb Oenanthe javanica , sometimes called Java water dropwort, water celery, water dropwort, or Indian pennywort, is endemic to East Asia and is specifically utilized in traditional medicine and culinary arts.
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In-vitro response of Vigna aconitifolia to drought stress induced by PEG - 6000
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This investigation was aimed at investigating effect of low water potential generated by PEG on growth, sugar content and stress related enzymes (catalase, GPOX) at seedling level. Additionally gene expression was also studied using SDS-PAGE. A total of twelve moth bean genotypes comprising of elite moth bean lines were evaluated for desiccation tolerance at germination and seedling stage. Germination was happened differentially at 8% PEG while 15% PEG induced wilting in 7d old seedlings. Longer roots and shoots, higher dry weight of root and shoots both in control and treated seedlings was observed with desiccation tolerance. Drought tolerant and sensitive varieties differed in their protein profiling with newer genes showing their expression in tolerant once. Two genes were found up regulated in all tolerant varieties during PEG induced stress. Higher basal activity of enzymes (GPOX and catalase) and total soluble sugar during water deficit in drought tolerant varieties was reported.
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Heat shock proteins (Hsps) responses against stress conditions. Melatonin completes its stress relieving activities via its MT1 and MT2 receptors. The present study delineates the expression pattern of Hsp70/Hsc70 and MT1/MT2 receptor proteins along with the AANAT gene expression in the splenic tissue of mice subjected to hyperthermic stress in a temperature dependent and time dependent manner. In vivo thermal stress resulted increase in expression of Hsp70, Hsc70 and MT2 receptors proteins in both temperature dependent and time dependent manner. Optimum heat exposure at 430C and maximized Hsps expression was observed after 5 hours of heat exposure. Heat stress caused increase in AA-NAT gene expression of the splenic tissue resulted in the synthesis of melatonin which might act as signal molecule for upregulating the activity and rise of the stress responsive genes and proteins like: Hsp70/Hsc70, whereas simultaneous increase of MT2 expression shows its possible involvement in such mechanism.
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A dielectric barrier discharge plasma device (DBD) was built, characterized and operated. Ten species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungus and spores of Bacillus cereus and its vegetative cells, in addition to eggs and pupae of the potato tuber moth (PTM) were exposed to DBD plasma. A strong detrimental effect on the exposed species was observed in function to the exposure time at helium: air ratio 98:2, electrode gap 1.8 cm, amplitude of discharge voltage 6 kV and an effective power density 208 mW/cm3. The outcome of this work provides valuable data on the use of DBD plasma as an alternative non-heating sterilization method to kill or inhibit microbial growth and protecting potatoes from PTM infestation.
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Increased expression of beta-tubulin in potato plants challenged with phytophthora infestans
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Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans is an important foliar disease of potato worldwide. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms of interaction between potato and this fungal pathogen. In the present work, expression of beta-tubulin (TUB) gene was monitored in resistant and susceptible potato cultivars at four early points of infection using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Data showed significant variation in the expression patterns of the TUB gene during potato- P. infestans interactions as compared to the non-inoculated controls. It also shows that β- tubulin gene has a higher expression and faster induction in the resistant cultivar (0.9-fold) as compared with the susceptible one (0.11-fold), 24 hours post inoculation (hpi). However, the maximum expressions were 1.85 -folds in the resistant, and 1.3 -folds in the susceptible one 48 and 72 hpi, respectively. Increased potato TUB expression could be due to plant cytoskeleton rearrangement in response to P. infestans up to 72 hpi, and the subsequent decrease in its expression at 96hpi could be due to plant cell disruption resulting from tissue damage during necrosis. The information obtained from this study highlights crucial remarks into the signaling pathway that accounts for TUB gene expression changes elicited during potato- P. infestans interactions, which can provide testable hypotheses that will need direct future tests to determine how TUB changes may be specified in the defense system.
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The effect of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) on resistance of coleoptiles of 4-day-old etiolated seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Elegiya) to damaging heating (10 min at 43°C) and possible dependence of this effect on changes in the activities of enzymes producing and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. Treatment of coleoptiles with 10 µM 4-HBA resulted in enhancing of superoxide anion-radical generation and maintaining of hydrogen peroxide content there in. Increasing of the rate of ROS production was significantly suppressed by inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (α-naphthol) and peroxidase (salicylhydroxamic acid). Under the influence of 4-HBA the activities of superoxide dismutase and apoplastic forms of peroxidase were increased. The activity of oxalate oxidase and catalase has not changed. Exogenous 4-HBA improved coleoptiles heat resistance and its effects were comparable with the influence of salicylic acid. Antioxidant agent BHT (butylhydroxytoluene), inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and peroxidase significantly reduced the increasing of wheat coleoptiles heat resistance, caused by 4-HBA action. It was concluded that 4-HBA influence on coleoptiles heat resistance is realized with the ROS mediation.
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The aim of the study was to compare the rice genotypes for oxidative stress tolerance. Induction of oxidative stress, by in vivo treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) in rice genotypes to study the osmolyte accumulation pattern and antioxidant capacity was investigated. Leaf strips of uniform size from rice genotypes FL 478, IR 29,Co 43 and FR13A were subjected to various concentrations of H 2O 2 (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 mM). All the four rice genotypes exhibited varied responses to proline accumulation. FL 478 and Co 43 exhibited an increase in the accumulation of proline contents initially with low concentrations of H 2O 2, and thereafter showed a sharp decline in proline contents with higher concentrations. Degradation of protein contents in rice leaves was observed in all the varieties and the protein contents decreased with increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide treatment. A gradual increase in the activities of catalase and peroxidase were recorded under H 2O 2 treatments. Significant upregulation of antioxidant enzyme systems and slow degradation of protein contents in the tolerant genotypes (FR 13A and FL 478) play important roles in stress protection.
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Salinity stress is a major abiotic stress factor that affects plant growth, physiological activities and developmental processes. This study involves establishing efficient somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration system using immature inflorescence of kodo millet ( Paspalum scrobiculatum L. cv. TNAU86) under NaCl-salinity stress conditions. To begin with, the immature inflorescence (0.5cm) of kodo millet was excised from the 40-45 days old field growing plants followed by surface sterilization and inoculation in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with the various concentrations of NaCl (10mM, 25mM, 50mM, 75mM, 100mM, 150mM, and 200mM) salt along with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (1.5 mg/L). The results reveal that the maximum mean frequency (89.3±0.3%) of somatic embryogenesis was obtained from embryogenic callus that was growing with medium added with NaCl (50mM) while it was found to be the least mean frequency (12±4.1%) with 150mM of NaCl-salt treatments. Moreover, the highest concentration of NaCl (200mM) salinity was found to be lethal and explants were observed to get gradually necrosed. Later, embryogenic calli showing differentiation of somatic embryos were sub-cultured on basal medium supplemented with 0.5mg/L of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) along with respective concentrations of NaCl-salt for the germination of somatic embryos into plantlets. Significantly, 100mM of NaCl-treatment was proved to show strong inhibitions and thus minimum salt tolerant plantlets regeneration (4±2.21%) was recorded. Further, in vitro grown salinity stress tolerant plantlets were transferred to plastic cups and gradually acclimatized under greenhouse conditions.
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This study was conducted to establish an efficient in vitro regeneration technique for the induction of somatic embryo and plantlet regeneration under NaCl-salt stress conditions in black rice ( Oryza sativa . L., cv Co57), a traditional Indian cereal food. Embryogenic calli were obtained from mature caryopsis culture on Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium fortified with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.0mg/L) either alone or in combination with various concentrations of NaCl (10mM, 25mM, 50mM, and 100mM) in order to induce the salt tolerant somatic embryo differentiation. Furthermore, embryogenic calli were found to show shoot regeneration on MS-medium fortified with 2.0mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) in combination with 0.5mg/L of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and in presence of NaCl (10mM, 25mM, 50mM, and 100mM). Significantly, the high concentration (150mM) of NaCl was proved to be lethal for both somatic embryogenesis as well as plantlets regeneration. Moreover, the low frequency (40.3%) of somatic embryogenesis and minimum number of salt tolerant somatic embryos per callus (3.2±0.1) was recorded with the caryopsis explants that were treated with the high concentration (100mM) of NaCl-salt added embryo induction medium. Significantly, low frequency of salt-tolerant plantlets regeneration (25%) and minimum number of plantlets per embryogenic callus (1.5±0.1) was recorded in the embryogenic callus that was treated with 100mM of NaCl in regeneration medium containing BAP (2.0mg/L) in combination with NAA (0.5mg/L). Further, salinity tolerant plantlets were transferred to soil and gradually acclimatized under growth chamber conditions. This study thus offers a suitable technique for production of salt tolerant black rice, an alternative approach for the traditional Indian black rice crop improvements.
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Soil salinity occupies a prominent place among the soil problems that threaten the sustainability of agriculture over a vast area in the world. It affects plant morpho-physiology and ultimately leads to reduction in productivity. It is essential to test important medicinal plants for their salinity tolerance as research efforts aim to explore economic benefits under saline conditions. Keeping in view the importance of Stevia and salinity, present study had been designed to investigate the effect of salinity on biochemical parameters in two Stevia genotypes. Two node microcuttings were subjected to MS media supplemented with different NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 mM). Chlorophyll amount was observed to be decreased as compared to sugars, proline and phenols with increased salt concentrations.
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Vitamin contents of plants are also known to show altered metabolism under the influence of salinity. Not much of work has been done on the influence of salinity on the vitamin content in higher plants. The influence of NaCl salinity on the vitamin content in the leaves of Atriplex hortensis was investigated in the present study. Atriplex hortensis plants were grown in earthen pots and were subjected to different levels of saline water (NaCl) treatment. Control plants were irrigated with tap water. Treatments started after the seedling emergence and continued till the plants were 30 day old. Mature leaves of these plants were harvested and used for studies. β - carotene, a precursor of vitamin A and ascorbic acid content were found to increase gradually with increase in the concentrations of NaCl. No significant changes were observed in thiamine and riboflavin content at lower levels of salinity, however significant decrease was observed in thiamine and riboflavin content at higher level of salinity.
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Influence of NaCl salinity on growth analysis of strawberry cv. camarosa
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In order to study of salinity effect on growth analysis of strawberry, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan in 2010. This study was carried out RCBD design with 4 replications to determine the influence of salinity (30, 60, 90 Mmol and control with distilled water) on strawberry growth analysis. Results indicated that relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and dry matter accumulation were decreased with increasing salinity. The lowest RGR, CGR and LAR were observed in 90 Mmol NaCl salinity. Results also indicated that maximum dry matter accumulations were observed in 1050, 1200 and 1400 degree days in 30, 60 and 90 Mmol NaCl salinity, respectively. Water salinity more than 30 Mmol NaCl L-1 will decreased fresh fruit yield more than 50 percent in hydroponics strawberry production. Dry mass partitioning in NaCl-stressed plants was in favor of crown and petioles and at expense of root, stem and leaf whereas leaf, stem and root DM progressively declined with an increase in salinity.
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Background. The management of diabetes mellitus and its complications is increasingly becoming difficult as new type and subtypes are being discovered. There is, therefore, a continuous search for more effective drug agents for its management. In this work the aqueous extracts of leaves, stem-bark and root-bark of Nauclea latifolia were investigated for their effects on serum liver enzymes and serum electrolytes in streptozotocin- induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were determined using assay kits (Randox laboratories, LTD, UK). Alkaline phosphatase level was estimated using kits from Teco Diagnostic Anaheim, United States of America. The electrolytes were analysed using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Automated Analyser Machine (SFRI, 3000 model). Results. The results showed significant reduction (p
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The sublethal stress of chlorpyrifos on important metabolites and enzymes of protein metabolism was investigated in most important tissues (gills, muscle, hepatopancreas and nervous tissue) of freshwater edible crab, Barytelphusa guerini. The crabs were exposed to 0.07 mg/l (1/3 of LC 50) for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. After 28 days of exposure, they were released into fresh water and kept in the same for 21 days in order to study recovery (3days interval). Total protein content was decreased where as amino acids and ammonia was increased. After cessation of intoxication recovery was observed. Urea content was decrease in all tissues and glutamine exhibited mixed response and recovery was highest in muscle. The activities of protease and aminotransferases were elevated in tissues for 28 days. Recovery of these enzymes activities was noticed during depuration. Acid phosphatase activity was inhibited in hepatopancreas and nervous ganglion and induced in gills and muscle. Alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced in gills and hepatopancreas and inhibited in muscle and nervous ganglion. All these enzymes showed recovery after released of crabs into fresh water.
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Corypha umbraculifera L. is a monocarpic palm, which usually flowers after 30-60 years of growth. In C. umbraculifera seeds are the only propagating unit, but the germination rate is very low and seeds are highly recalcitrant. In this context, it was imperative to investigate the desiccation sensitivity, physiological and biochemical changes accompanying the desiccation and germination in C. umbraculifera seeds. Therefore, to make a detailed study, freshly collected C. umbraculifera seeds were desiccated at room temperature for a period of 35 d and physiological and biochemical changes during desiccation and germination were monitored at an interval of 7 d. It was observed that there was a sharp decline in the moisture content of the seed as desiccation proceeded. As the desiccation period progressed, the germination percentage decreased which was below 50% after 35 d. The dry weight percentage of the embryo and endosperm increased with the desiccation period and the increase in dry weight of embryo was significant in comparison with the endosperm. Total protein content of embryo was more compared to that of the endosperm. Peroxidase activity in the embryo was increased up to 28 d of desiccation and decreased further. The endosperm registered a gradual reduction of peroxidase activity during desiccation. In contrast, SOD activity in the embryo was comparatively higher in the fresh seeds and further declined during desiccation, while that of the endosperm remained almost unaltered. The results give a strong indication that desiccation in C. umbraculifera is accompanied by abundant activity of peroxidase in embryo, thereby viability is retained up to 35 days. Whereas, feeble activity of SOD is not seen to be linked with seed viability of C. umbraculifera.
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One year old seedlings of Simarouba glauca were subjected to water stress for 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. The foliar sprays of 50 ppm salicylic acid (SA) and 10 ppm Putriscine, Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and Abscisic acid (ABA) were applied before and after water stress. It was observed that polyphenols, tannins, alkaloid and flavonoid contents were increased with increasing water stress treatments. Foliar applications of growth regulators ameliorate water stress and exhibits induction of secondary metabolites like coumarins, sterols, xanthoproteins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. It was also noticed that foliar application of SA, GABA, ABA considerably increases all these secondary metabolites which will help to improve the medicinal potential of Simarouba glauca under water stressed condition.
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The data on the influence of different concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and L-arginine on 3 days-old etiolated pea seedlings growth and nitric oxide (NO) content in roots of these seedlings are obtained. It is found that 24 h exposition of seedlings to SNP showed negative influence on growth at a 4 mM dose; SNP at 0.05 mM doze stimulates their growth and 0.1 mM doze did not influence on seedlings growth. Using KNO3 negative influence on growth at the same exposition was showed only at superhigh concentration - 20 mM. Using NaNO2 negative influence on growth was shown at a doze of 2 mM but concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mM did not influence on it. The exposition of seedlings to L-arginine caused growth inhibition already at concentration of 0.5 mM and reached maximum at 4 mM doze. Determination of NO level in roots using fluorescent probe DAF-2DA in variants with the greatest growth inhibition has showed, that the maximal inhibition of growth in roots and highest level of NO in roots in variants with SNP (4 mM) and NaNO2 (2 mM) was observed. In variants with KNO3 (20 mM) and L-arginine (4 mM) maximal growth inhibition did not coincide with NO accumulation and was observed after 30 min after the beginning of plants exposition and further it was reduced in 24 h. Results are discussed in connection with possible influence NO and participation of the investigated connections in generation nitric oxide in roots of pea seedlings.
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The influence of treatment of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) seeds with the solutions of salicylic and succinic acids on the heat resistance of plantlets and activity of antioxidant enzymes - superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase - in them have been investigated. In the micro-field experiment the influence of these acids on the millet yield was estimated. The action of salicylic (10 μM) and succinic (1 mM) acids caused the increase of plantlets resistance to the damaging heating that expressed in the rise of relative quantity of survived plantlets in 5 days after heating at the temperature of 47°С and in the reduced content of lipid peroxidation product malonic dialdehyde during the poststress period. The increase of activity of SOD, catalase and peroxidase took place in millet plantlets under the influence of salicylic and succinic acids. The increase of productivity of millet grain under the action of salicylic and succinic acids on 13,3-52,0 and 6,4-38,8% respectively depending on weather conditions in the field experiments was noted.
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